1. PWM Audio Amplifiers Zhiming Deng Chinwuba Ezekwe Dimitrios Katsis

2. Outline PWM Basics Digital Modulator Signal Flow Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction Volume Control

3. PWM Basics Efficient modulation method when only two states (ON & OFF) are available Linear modulation: Average pulse ON time proportional to signal Extract modulating signal with low pass filter Modulation depth (M<1): signal peak/triangle peak www.powerdesigners.com

4. Natural PWM (NPWM) What about PCM input? www.powerdesigners.com Straightforward analog implementation

5. Uniformly Sampled PWM (UPWM) Jorge Varona, http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~kphang/ece1371/pwrdac.pdf Sample modulating signal at the “edges” of the sawtooth Use this to estimate the pulse width Problem: Introduces an error!

6. Weighted PWM (WPWM) Estimates pulse width using the information from two consecutive samples: NPWM approximation in the digital domain Yields improved THD compared to UPWM Morten Kjaer Johansen et al, “A review and comparison of digital PWM methods for digital PMA systems”, Proceedings of the 107 th AES Convention, 1999.

7. Digital Modulator Signal Flow Oversampling gives better dynamic range WPWM is used to simulate NPWM in order to decrease THD Noise shaping also helps lower the bit-rate while keeping a high resolution Steen Munk et al, “State of the Art Digital Pulse Modulated Amplifier System”, AES 23 rd International Conference, 2003.

8. Sigma-Delta Noise shaper Use noise shaping to preserve in-band SNR

9. Amplification Errors in Analog Power Stage Non-stable supply causes amplitude errors. Dead time in switches causes delay of rising edge of output PWM signal. Variation of load changes the frequency characteristics of the demodulation filter. Finite On resistance of semiconductor switch and output filter resistance lead to output resistance. Non-linearity of the demodulation filter leads to errors in the demodulated output signal.

10. Error Correction Analog signal referenced control system NOT POSSIBLE in a digital PMA because of the absence of analog reference signal. Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction (PEDEC) PEDEC is a pulse referenced control system that eliminates all types of error by re-timing the edges of the PWM inputs.

11. Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction Karstem Nielsen, “Digital Pulse Modulation Amplifier (PMA) topologies based on PEDEC Control”, Proceedings of the 106 th AES Convention, 1999. Pulse referenced control system Eliminates error by retiming pulse edges

12. Edge Delay (ED) Unit Steen Munk et al, “State of the Art Digital Pulse Modulated Amplifier System”, AES 23 rd International Conference, 2003. for Makes absolute correction No quantization error Limited correction range→ saturates if correction range is exceeded Increasing phase lag of feedback signal w.r.t. reference signal leads to saturation for very short or long pulses

13. Voltage Feedback before Demodulation Filter Feedback from switching power stage output Vp. Feedback path compensator A(s) is a simple attenuation. No reference signal shaping Karstem Nielsen, “Digital Pulse Modulation Amplifier (PMA) topologies based on PEDEC Control”, Proceedings of the 106 th AES Convention, 1999.

14. Voltage Feedback before Demodulation Filter Karstem Nielsen, “Digital Pulse Modulation Amplifier (PMA) topologies based on PEDEC Control”, Proceedings of the 106 th AES Convention, 1999. 1st order reference shaping with matched 1st order output feedback shaping

15. Voltage Feedback after Demodulation Filter Using global feedback from demodulator output Vo. 2 nd order reference shaping This is the ONLY topology that eliminates the errors in the demodulation filter Karstem Nielsen, “Digital Pulse Modulation Amplifier (PMA) topologies based on PEDEC Control”, Proceedings of the 106 th AES Convention, 1999.

16. Volume Control A digital volume control is simple to implement but will decrease the dynamic range as the signal is attenuated. An analog volume control can retain the dynamic range, but it is not applicable to a digital PMA. GOAL: a volume control system that will not decrease dynamic range. Intelligent Volume Control (IVC)

17. Use multiple supply voltages in power stage for coarse control Use digital attenuation through modulation depth modification for fine adjustment Steen Munk et al, “State of the Art Digital Pulse Modulated Amplifier System”, AES 23 rd International Conference, 2003.

18. IVC (two-level example) Steen Munk et al, “State of the Art Digital Pulse Modulated Amplifier System”, AES 23 rd International Conference, 2003.

19. IVC Advantages Improved dynamic range Improved edge related noise Improved efficiency Improved electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics

20. Summary Improve THD with WPWM Reduce noise by noise shaping Correct various errors through PEDEC Improve SNR of volume control by using multiple supply voltages