1. Programming in Verilog CPSC 321 Computer Architecture Andreas Klappenecker

2. Verilog Sources Verilog Quickstart by James M. Lee 3rd edition, Kluwer, 2002 contains Silos simulator gives a quick overview does not cover all language features programming style somewhat dated

3. Blocks of Procedural Code initial executed once at the beginning of simulation initial $display(“Hello World”); always repeatedly executed begin-end sequential execution of block statements delays add up fork-join blocks concurrent execution of statements

4. Concurrency Example module concurrency_example; initial begin #1 $display(“Block 1 stmt 1"); $display(“Block 1 stmt 2"); #2 $display(“Block 1 stmt 3"); end initial begin $display("Block 2 stmt 1"); #2 $display("Block 2 stmt 2"); #2 $display("Block 2 stmt 3"); end endmodule Block 2 stmt 1 Block 1 stmt 1 Block 1 stmt 2 Block 2 stmt 2 Block 1 stmt 3 Block 2 stmt 3

5. Concurrency: fork and join module concurrency_example; initial fork #1 $display(“Block 1 stmt 1"); $display(“Block 1 stmt 2"); #2 $display(“Block 1 stmt 3"); join initial fork $display("Block 2 stmt 1"); #2 $display("Block 2 stmt 2"); #2 $display("Block 2 stmt 3"); join endmodule Block 1 stmt 2 Block 2 stmt 1 Block 1 stmt 1 Block 1 stmt 3 Block 2 stmt 2 Block 2 stmt 3

6. Displaying Results a = 4’b0011 $display(“The value of a is %b”, a); The value of a is 0011 $display(“The value of a is %0b”, a); The value of a is 11 If you you $display to print a value that is changing during this time step, then you might get the new or the old value; use $strobe to get the new value

7. Displaying Results Standard displaying functions $display, $write, $strobe, $monitor Writing to a file instead of stdout $fdisplay, $fwrite, $fstrobe, $fmonitor Format specifiers %b, %0b, %d, %0d, %h, %0h, %c, %s,…

8. Display Example module f1; integer f; initial begin f = $fopen("myFile"); $fdisplay(f, "Hello, bla bla"); end endmodule

9. Moore Machines The output of a Moore machine depends only on the current state. Output logic and next state logic are sometimes merged. next state logic present state register output logic input

10. Coding Moore Machines The logic in the Moore machine can be described by two case statements (one case statement if logic blocks are merged) Enumerate all possible states of input and current state, and generate the output and next state Give states meaningful names using define or parameters

11. Moore Machine Example Automatic food cooker Has a supply of food Can load food into the heater when requested Cooker unloads the food when cooking done

12. Automated Cooker Outputs from the machine load = signal that sends food into the cooker heat = signal that turns on the heater unload = signal that removes food from cooker beep = signal that alerts that food is done

13. Automated Cooker Inputs clock start = start the load, cook, unload cycle temp_ok = temperature sensor detecting when preheating is done done = signal from timer when done quiet = Should cooker beep?

14. Cooker module cooker( clock, start, temp_ok, done, quiet, load, heat, unload, beep ); input clock, start, temp_ok, done, quiet; output load, heat, unload, beep; reg load, heat, unload, beep; reg [2:0] state, next_state;

15. Defining States `define IDLE 3'b000 `define PREHEAT 3'b001 `define LOAD 3'b010 `define COOK 3'b011 `define EMPTY 3'b100 You can refer to these states as ‘IDLE, ‘PREHEAT, etc.

16. State Register Block `define REG_DELAY 1 always @(posedge clock) state <= #(`REG_DELAY) next_state;

17. Next State Logic always @(state or start or temp_ok or done) // whenever there is a change in input begin case (state) `IDLE: if (start) next_state=`PREHEAT; `PREHEAT: if (temp_ok) next_state = `LOAD; `LOAD: next_state = `COOK; `COOK: if (done) next_state=`EMPTY; `EMPTY: next_state = `IDLE; default: next_state = `IDLE; endcase end

18. Output Logic always @(state) begin if(state == `LOAD) load = 1; else load = 0; if(state == `EMPTY) unload =1; else unload = 0; if(state == `EMPTY && quiet == 0) beep =1; else beep = 0; if(state == `PREHEAT || state == `LOAD || state == `COOK) heat = 1; else heat =0; end