1. Modelling of EIA/EMS Integration for Proposed Projects
Ph.D. Thesis By Ufuk MALAK, M.Sc. Environmental Engineer
Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ilhan TALINLI

2. CONTENTS Part 1. Introduction Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
Part 3. Environmental Management System
Part 4. Environmental Risk Assessment
Part 5. Modelling
Part 6. Model Software
Part 7. Results and Conclusion

3. Part 1. Introduction Environment undergoes a continual change
Industrialisation (development projects) increased environmental degradation.
In 1960’s, growing environmental awareness has focused attention between development actions and their environmental consequences
Increased awareness of ecological limits to industrial growth has stimulated considerable interest in developing tools and techniques.
Part 1.Introduction

4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA).
Attempts to evaluate the environmental consequences of human activities, before such activities take place, is an essential part of environmental planning and management.
Systematic identification and evaluation of potential impacts of proposed projects relative to physical-chemical, biological, cultural and socio-economic components of total environment should be made.
From that point of view, an assessment tool of likelihood impacts was firstly developed in Unites States at the beginning of 1970’s with the name of
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA).
EIA is used as prerequisite for most of proposed projects as a Decision Making Process.
Part 1.Introduction

5. EIA has found a great application area among the countries since 1970.
Many evaluation methods are developed and used. But towards 1990’s, its effectiveness and role in sustainable developments are strongly discussed.
Monitoring, audit and third party certification become important as continuos improvement for sustainable development (Rio declaration) become very important.
1990’s Environmental Management Systems standards are developed as a response to various local and global environmental problems.
Its aim is systematically manage all environmental aspects of a facility during operational phase.
Part 1.Introduction

6. Need to evaluate new methodologies are discussed.
Some projects are escaping any kind of assessment even they have important impacts. EIA is not applicable to all activities but EMS is.
It is discussed as best time to introduce an EMS is early stages of planning.
Cumulative EIA is important by means of time and space but traditional EIA does not include it.
Also, definition of effected environmental is done but no quantitative results are given in EIA studies.
Most EMS uses the results of EIA and tries to systematically manage facility.
Part 1.Introduction

7. A determination scale model of EIA and EMS will be presented.
In this study;
A determination scale model of EIA and EMS will be presented.
This model will be determination scale that allow of project construction or not.
It will give quantitative and repeatable results with its new evaluation method.
The model will be a feasibility study to decision-makers.
It will integrate EMS in to EIA studies and correspond EMS requirements.
Model could be run for alternative processes for further decision makings.
Part 1.Introduction

8. Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment
EIA;
The main purpose of EIA is to inform decision-makers of the likely impacts of a proposal before a decision is made.
is an action forcing mechanism concerned with the potential (or real) impacts of proposed (or existing) human activities (and their alternatives) on the human and natural environments.
is a planning tool used to predict and evaluate the impacts of proposed projects in order to assist decision-making.
has long been considered an important tool for the environmental management of development projects.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

9. should compare alternatives to a proposed project
studies are potentially an important instrument for furthering sustainability in public and private decision-making
should compare alternatives to a proposed project
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

10. EIA : History It is first introduction is in U.S. By NEPA in 1970.
It has been applied around the world more than 30 years.
It was appeared in Canada in 1973 (law in 1995),
in EU in 1985 and 1997 for member countries
In Turkey, first legislation was published in 1993, than second version in 1997 and two additions in 2000.
Others are published in very different dates (from 1972 until today.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

11. EIA : Process
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

12. EIA Evaluation Methods : Checklists
Checklists are standard lists and they are one dimensional
They give an overview of the range of impacts.
They do not illustrate interactions between effects.
Nos statements of likelihood of occurrence are being made.
Because of subjective nature of estimates, they are won’t be filled out identically by different investigators.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

13. EIA Evaluation Methods : Matrices
They are very likely the most popular and widely used impact identification methodologies.
Leopold matrix (1971) is the most famous one.
One-dimensional check lists are expanded to two-dimensional matrices.
Alternative actions and their impacts can be seen.
Very often conclusion is stated as a numerical value or symbol indicating the level of intensity of the effect.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

14. EIA Evaluation Methods : Networks
It was developed to consider secondary, tertiary and high-order impacts.
Developed by Sorensen in 1971.
They are mostly used in different land uses as tree removal during area preparation and its predicted effects as increased surface run-off and removal of top soils.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

15. Major Failures
A major failing of EIA practise has been the common use of EIA purely to achieve a development permit, rather than as a tool to achieve sound environmental management within the project’s objectives of on a broader regional or national basis.
Its ability to predict impacts and to address issues of uncertainty in complex and dynamic environmental systems is very difficult.
There many questions about its role in decision making process
It is often considered as a bureaucratic burden.
It also considered as time any money consuming step.
Part 2. Environmental Impact Assessment

16. Part 3. Environmental Management System
EMS provides a mechanism for organisations of any size to improve the way they manage environmental activities.
EMS help an enterprise as;
Identify and control environmental aspects,
achieve its policy, objectives and targets,
establish short, medium and long term goals for environmental performance,
monitoring continual improvement
Part 3. Environmental Management System

17. EMS for an enterprise is the systematic management of resources and wastes by policies, documents, procedures, inventories, monitoring and audits.
Detailed process survey is required to identify all environmental aspects.
There are systems standards to implement EMS in a enterprise or a facility.
Part 3. Environmental Management System

18. Part 3. Environmental Management System
History of EMS
British Standards (BS 7750)
Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
International Standards of Organisations Standards (ISO 14000)
Part 3. Environmental Management System

19. Part 3. Environmental Management System
BS 7750
It is the first EMS standards
Published in 1992
Reviewed and replace in 1995
Became very popular right after its publication
Part 3. Environmental Management System

20. Part 3. Environmental Management System
EMAS
It is published as regional legislation for UE member countries.
Firstly adopted in 1993.
Replaced BS 7750
The revised regulation was published in March 2001 (provides integration with ISO 14001)
Part 3. Environmental Management System

21. Part 3. Environmental Management System
ISO 14000
Developed by International Organization for Standardization - Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment -Technical Committee
TC 207 started in 1991
Published in September 1996
Today most widely used EMS standards in the world
Adapted to the other standards as ISO 9000
Part 3. Environmental Management System

22. Part 3. Environmental Management System
EMS standards today
Part 3. Environmental Management System

23. Standards : ISO 14001
It is the most popular and widely used standards in the world.
Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while others documents for EMS.
Part 3. Environmental Management System

24. Part 4 : Environmental Risk Assessment
It is the most popular and widely used standards in the world.
Only ISO14001 is the certification part, while others documents for EMS.
Part 3. Environmental Management System

25. Relation between, EIA, EMS and ERA
EMS mostly uses the results of the EIA (when applicable)
Best time to introduce an EMS is the EIA phase of the process.
ERA term sometimes corresponds to EIA.
Part 3. Environmental Management System

26. PART 5 MODEL
Part 3. Environmental Management System

27. Model Approach
In this study, integration of EIA and EMS for proposed project are modeled.
Model are designed to correspond the needs of both EIA and EMS.
It is though that all required data for the model should be given in addition to project designs.
Since this is the decision making model, a determination scale at the end of the model will be evaluated.
Model is divided into two parts as “state of environment part” and “environmental impacts and management parts”.
Part 5. Model

28. Model Approach : first part of the model
All project firstly effect their surroundings (near environment)
The definition of current state of environment should be done.
It is possible to allow a project construction one some area because of its environmental sensitivity, but;
It may not be possible to allow a project construction on another area because of its environmental sensitivity.
Part 5. Model

29. Model Approach : first part of the model
Quantitative definition of effected environment with boundaries should be done in each case.
That allow as in one region how much project construction can be allowed. It gives where to stop for new development projects.
Changes in state of environment will directly give idea about cumulative EIA.
Part 5. Model

30. Model Approach : second part of the model
Environmental impacts and their management should be done at very early stages of the project.
As the first part, a permission san be given to one project because of its possible environmental impacts on a area, some other projects can not be allowed to build on the same area.
The second part will say how much work will the project need to get permission.
The second part can easily evaluate the alternatives of the project.
Part 5. Model

31. Results of the model will be presented in % values.
Model Approach
Results of the model will be presented in % values.
For the first part, 0 % will show the least sensitivity while 100 % is the most sensitive.
For the second part 0% will show the best management of impacts while 100 % is the worst management.
The result will be used together as a determination scale for decision making.
Part 5. Model

32. Part 1 of the Model: State of Environment
5 main categories :
LAND USE
REGIONAL BOUNDARIES
ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Part 5. Model

33. Part 1 of the Model: State of Environment
Part 5. Model

34. Part 1 of the Model: State of Environment
Functions and equations
EC =  (LU, RB, EM, GE, BE) Equation 1
LU =  (PAS, RsD, FA, AgA, TM, IS) Equation 2
RB =  (SA, WSPA, NPA, WLPA, WAPA, SEPA, SPA, NP, NaP, WL, CH, TR, MZ) Equation 3
EM =  (WS, AQ, CC, SC) Equation 4
GE =  (SGS, NH, UF, MS) Equation 5
BE =  (FF) Equation 6
Part 5. Model

35. Equations EC = LU + RB + EM + GE + BE Equation 7
LU = PAS + RsD + FA + AgA + TM +IS Equation 8
RB = SA + WSPA + NPA + WLPA + WAPA + SEPA SPA + NP +NaP + WL + CH + TR + MZ Equation 9
EM = WS + AQ + CC + SC Equation 10
GE = SGS + NH + UF +MS Equation 11
BE = FF Equation 12
RsD = (DsRsA) + (PdnRsA) + (RMRsA) Equation 13
FA = AFC + DsFA * FC Equation 14
AgA = SC + Nag*AgU Equation 15
TM = RW + WW +MW Equation 16
IS = EP + WS + WWS Equation 17
GW = GWQ +GWL + SP Equation 18
GC = SGS + NH + UF + MS Equation 19
Part 5. Model : Part I

36. Part 1 of the Model: State of Environment
Results of first part will used the result of the second part but;
It will show the sensitivity of the selected area.
It will say if the area is available for any kind or not by means o threshold value.
Part 5. Model

37. Part 2 of the Model: environmental impact and management
WASTEWATER (WW)
AIR QUALITY (APM)
SOLID WASTE (SWM)
HAZARDOUS WASTE (HWM)
MEDICAL WASTE MWM)
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
NOISE POLLUTION (NPM)
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (MS)
Part 5. Model

38. Formulas and equations
EIM =  (WWM, APM, SWM, HWM, MWM, RWM, NPM, MS)
Part 5. Model. Part II

39. PART 6. MODEL SOFTWARE
A computer program has been developed for the model.
Programming language of the model is Visual Basic Software.
Two part of the model will work independently.
Results will be presented in % values for both side of the model.
There will be a summary chart “warning step” for important data that user input the model.
Part 6. Model Software