1. Article 4 9310010A Nina 9310016A Alexia 9310018A Carl 9310026A General 9310050A Doris Instructor: Professor Mavis Shang Date: Mar. 26. 2008

2. Proposing Research: From Mind to Paper to Action Plan Communicate Establish a contract Earning a doctorate

3. Research Proposals as Rites of Passage Becoming an academic is lie joining a club. The advantages and disadvantages Act as a gatekeepers The relationship between candidate and doctoral advisor

4. Commitment New orientation, special Planning function From thought to language Troubles => because of audience Preliminary idea: short, unstable idea in our brain Clear & meaningful

5. What is to be done? Focused free-writing - Start writing on topics - continue a period of time -do not stop -Repeat the last word

6. Free-writing -Write idea quickly -Short time (3~7 minutes) Select ideas that most important Revise them from first draft

7. Questions to structure the proposal What? (1)Interest In what am I interested? What is the basis of my interest? a. Autobiographical roots  Minimize the distortion of interest  Identify the connection with the subject  Affirm the interest that reflects a real desire

8. Why? In Context Why the subject might be important to others? a.Meaningful or not b.Beneficial or not These understandings can be integrated into proposal. Whether topic relates to issues of power, justice, and oppression.

9. John Rowan suggests that The interest is not only served by researcher, but also served by the others.

10. How? How do researchers adapt the structure of in-depth interviewing to their subject of study? Example: Interview One: What’s your first time receiving grammar teaching?

11. Interview Two: What’s your learning process while receiving grammar instruction? Interview Three: How do you feel about grammar teaching?

12. Who? When? Where? Who will the researchers interview? Qualitative research → “emergent” 1. Does not begin with hypotheses → unnecessary to strict control of variables 2. The design and the focus of the study → “emergent”

13. Overemphasizing the “emergent” nature of research design → Looseness, lack of focus, misplaced nonchalance about purpose, method, and procedure → Should prepare ahead to avoid “emergent” situations

14. Rationale Why choosing interviewing instead of experimental or quasi-experimental research? Internal validity: Extent to which a study provides evidences of a cause-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables

16. External validity: How well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situation or population

17. Working with the material ※ Research plans→ describe how researchers are going to work with, analyze, describe, and share the information they gather ※ researchers never do interviewing work before→ difficult for them to make a plan ※ Theory→ an issue to analyze and explain the information they gather → the explanations

18. Piloting your work ※ definition→ you ask other people first to see whether the questions are understandable or not ※ try out the interviewing design ※ After the pilot → think about the experience → revise ※ think about what, why, how, who, when, and where of the interviewing

19. ※ interviewing→ open-ended questions ※ Without thoughtful structure → misunderstand →imposing their understanding ＞ guide the participants