1. The Mobility of Population and the Residential Structure in an Area with less employment opportunity in China: A Case Study of Fushun City, Liaoning Province ABE Yasuhisa (Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University), ZHENG Nan (Chubu Gakuin University)

2. The motive of the study ・・・ The first author had been studied in northeast of China. ・・・ The first author had been studied in northeast of China.

3. The northeast of China The northeast of China ① Has many state-owned companies. ① Has many state-owned companies. ② Since the latter half of 1990s these companies have had financial difficulties → Many people working for these companies have been laid off or dismissed. ② Since the latter half of 1990s these companies have had financial difficulties → Many people working for these companies have been laid off or dismissed.

4. As a result → Most of them have become “ the unemployed ” or “ the underemployed ” (part-time or temporary workers) As a result → Most of them have become “ the unemployed ” or “ the underemployed ” (part-time or temporary workers) → So,we call this area “ the area with underprivileged working conditions ” → So,we call this area “ the area with underprivileged working conditions ” or “ ” or “ the area with less employment opportunities ”

5. Northeast of China and its periphery

6. So, At first, we supposed So, At first, we supposed ・・・ a lot of people living in the city ・・・ a lot of people living in the city out-migrated to other cities in the coastal regions and they sent remittances to their families. out-migrated to other cities in the coastal regions and they sent remittances to their families. → But ， this hypothesis was not right. → But ， this hypothesis was not right.

7. In reality, over 90 ％ of people living in the study area did not send their family members to other cities in the coastal regions. In reality, over 90 ％ of people living in the study area did not send their family members to other cities in the coastal regions. → We had interest in this reason. → We had interest in this reason.

8. The purpose of this report is ・・・ ① To clarify the residential mobility of a local city in the northeast of China. ② To clarify the residential structure in that city （ In this paper, the residential structure means how close people in the city live with their relatives and how people get support from them ）.

9. Study area ・・・ Fushun City, local city of Liaoning ・・・ Fushun City, local city of Liaoning Province in the northeast of China Province in the northeast of China

10. The Central Area of Fushun City

11. Dismissed workers changed job into service sector

12. Dismissed workers changed job into service sector (2)

13. The heavy and chemical industries in Fushun

14. The method → Carried out questionnaires survey in the wards of the Fushun city. ① Chose 30 social communities in the way of probability proportionate sampling. ② Chose 45 inhabitants born in the 1940s and 1950s and collected data. ③ The number of available answers was 1,002, 74.2 ％, out of 1,350 delivered questionnaires ． ④ The outline of the result is as follows ．

15. Table1 Age and sex of people surveyed Born in former half of 1940s Born in latter half of 1940s Born in former half of 1950s Born in latter half of 1950s Total （ N ） Male Fema le Male Male Male Full- timers 2(0.8% ) 4(1.6 %) 12(4. 8%) 9(3.6 %) 45(17.9%) 20(8. 0%) 97(38. 6%) 62(24.7%) 251 Retirees 47(17. 5%) 32(11.9%) 49(18.3%) 44(16. 4%) 11(4. 1%) 54(2 0.1% ) 3(1.1 %) 28(10.4%) 268 Unempl oyed 2(0.4% ) 8(1.7 %) 27(5. 7%) 7(1.5 %) 65(13.8%) 23(4. 9%) 136(2 8.9%) 203(4 3.1%) 471 Total 51(5.2 %) 44(4. 4%) 88(8. 9%) 60(6.1 %) 121(1 2.2%) 97(9. 8%) 236(2 3.8%) 293(2 9.6%) 990

16. Table 2 The number and percentage of the unemployed in a family in each group More than 3 3210Total Full- timers 013582129247(N) 0.0%0.4%14.2%33.2%52.2%100% Retirees 574881120261(N) 1.9%2.7%18.4%31.0%46.0%100% Unemplo yed 124019016660468(N) 2.6%8.5%40.6%35.5%12.8%100% Total 1748273329309976(N) 1.7%4.9%28.0%33.7%31.7%100%

17. Table 3 Monthly income of people surveyed in each group Under 500 yua n 500 to 1,00 0yua n 1,000 to 2,00 0yua n 2,000 to 3,0 00y uan 3,000 to 5,00 0yu an Total Full-timers 449810270251(N) 17.5%39.0%40.6%2.8%0.0%100% Retirees 1181163230269(N) 43.9%43.1%11.9%1.1%0.0%100% Unemployed 363601131438(N) 82.9%13.7%2.5%0.7%0.2%100% Total 525274145131958(N) 54.8%28.6%15.1%1.4%0.1%100%

18. Table 4 Monthly family income in each group Under 1,00 0yu an 1,000 to 2,00 0yua n 2,000 to 3,00 0yua n 3,000 to 5,00 0yu an 5,000 to 7,00 0yua n Total Full-timers 6510659201251(N) 25.9%42.2%23.5%8.0%0.4%100% Retirees 9613031111269(N) 35.7%48.3%11.5%4.1%0.4%100% Unemployed 37183740465(N) 79.8%17.8%1.5%0.9%0.0%100% Total 53231997352985(N) 54.0%32.4%9.8%3.6%0.2%100%

19. Table 5 Annual income in each city of Liaoning province The number of workers(tho usand) The number of the laid- off of the workers(tho usand) The percentage of the laid- off The average annual income of the workers The average annual income of the workers of full-timers The average annual income of the workers of laid-off Dalian939656.9%18,60819,6056,795 Shenyang1,18525021.1%13,63017,3421,895 Panjin457275.9%11,63812,1294,481 Liaoyang2355322.6%11,40313,9112,911 Anshan60920533.7%11,03715,3962,606 Yingkou2134621.6%10,18012,5871,792 Benxi38213735.9%10,14714,6342,274 Huludao2844917.3%10,02411,5902,903 Dandong2516325.1%9,54412,2371,375 Jinzhou3609827.2%9,23412,2001,463 Chaoyang2553714.5%9,21710,4001,737 Tieling3108226.5%8,76311,4341,566 Fushun53523343.6%8,28013,9151,198 Fuxin2749333.9%7,66211,293843 Total6,4831,45722.5%11,91114,9212,199

20. Table 6 Resources of family income in each group (Excluding wage and pension income) Unemplo yment insuranc e Social securit y benefit Financi al aid from parents Financi al aid from children Financi al aid from siblings None of the previous choices Total Full-timers 2214037251 0.8% 5.6%0.0%1.2%2.8% Retirees 220510269 0.7% 0.0%1.9%0.4%0.0% Unemploye d 1552305912472 3.2% 11.0 % 6.4%1.1%1.9%2.5% Total 195644101319992 1.9%5.6%4.4%1.0%1.3%1.9%

21. Table 7 Join of each insurance in each group Pension insurance Medical insurance Unemploy ment insurance Work injury insurance Life insurance Total Full- timers 20813227718251(N) 82.9%52.6%10.8%2.8%7.2%100% Retirees 1921321834269(N) 71.4%49.1%6.7%1.1%1.5%100% Unemplo yed 2698836213472(N) 57.0%18.6%7.6%0.4%2.8%100% Total 669352751235992(N) 67.4%35.5%8.2%1.2%3.5%100%

22. Table 8 → shows residence of their parents, children and the closest siblings of each group. Table 9 → shows frequency counts of seeing their parents, children and the closest siblings of each group. Table 8 → shows residence of their parents, children and the closest siblings of each group. Table 9 → shows frequency counts of seeing their parents, children and the closest siblings of each group.

23. Table 10 Resources of financial aid in each group Pare nts Chil dren Sibli ngs Rela tives Frie nds Neig hbor s On e with po wer Dan wei She qu Non e Total Full- timers 47.0 % 5.6 % 33. 5% 10. 0% 7.2 % 0.0 % 0.4 % 13. 1% 2.8 % 6.4 % 251 Retirees 20.1 % 19. 0% 24. 2% 17. 8% 5.6 % 1.1 % 0.0 % 11. 9% 4.5 % 7.8 % 269 Unempl oyed 40.9 % 4.4 % 31. 1% 13. 6% 5.7 % 0.8 % 0.2 % 4.4 % 14. 4% 5.5 % 472 Total 36.8 % 8.7 % 29. 8% 13. 8% 6.0 % 0.7 % 0.2 % 8.7 % 8.8 % 6.4 % 992

24. Table 11 Out-migration for working in the family member of each group Not havingHavingTotal Full- timer s 225(90.7 ％ ) 23 （ 9.3 ％） 248 Retire es 242 （ 91.3 ％） 23 （ 8.7 ％） 265 Unem ploye d 428 （ 91.6 ％） 39 （ 8.4 ％） 467 Total 895 （ 91.3 ％） 85 （ 8.7 ％） 980

25. Table 12 The areas of out-migration for working in the family member of each group Shenyang Liaoning province excluding Shenyang The mainland of China excluding Liaoning province Other countries, Hong Kong, Aomen and Taiwan Total Full-timers 4 （ 21.1 ％） 5 （ 26.3 ％） 8 （ 42.1 ％ ） 2 （ 10.5 ％ ） 19 Retirees 3 （ 20.0 ％） 7 （ 46.7 ％） 4 （ 26.7 ％ ） 1 （ 6.7 ％ ） 15 Unemploye d 8 （ 26.7 ％） 5 （ 16.7 ％） 15 （ 50.0 ％ ） 2 （ 6.7 ％ ） 30 Total 15 （ 23.4 ％） 17 （ 26.6 ％） 27 （ 42.2 ％ ） 5 （ 7.8 ％ ） 64

26. Table13 The reasons for out-migration in each group Having difficulty getting employed in Fushun city Seeking better employment conditions None of the previous choices Total Full-timers 8 （ 42.1% ） 3 （ 15.8% ） 19 Retirees 7 （ 46.7% ） 6 （ 40% ） 2 （ 13.3% ） 15 Unemployed 18 （ 54.5% ） 9 （ 27.3% ） 6 （ 18.2% ） 33 Total 33 （ 49.3% ） 23 （ 34.3% ） 11 （ 16.4% ） 67

27. Table14 Means of seeking jobs in each group Employed with the connection of their relatives or acquaintances passed the formal procedure for employment Employed with the recommendat ion of schools None of the previous choices Total Full- timers 6 （ 31.6% ） 8 （ 42.1% ） 1 （ 5.3% ） 4 （ 21.1% ） 19 Retirees 6 （ 35.3% ） 3 （ 17.6% ） 1 （ 5.9% ） 7 （ 41.2% ） 17 Unempl oyed 24 （ 70.6% ） 4 （ 11.8% ） 1 （ 2.9% ） 5 （ 14.7% ） 34 Total 19 （ 51.4% ） 15 （ 21.4% ） 3 （ 4.3% ） 16 （ 22.9% ） 70

28. Table15 Condition of sending remittances from the migrating family members in each group SendingNot sendingTotal Full-timers 17 （ 81% ） 4 （ 19% ） 21 Retirees 14 （ 63.6% ） 8 （ 36.4% ） 22 Unemploye d 19 （ 52.8% ） 17 （ 47.2% ） 36 Total 50 （ 63.3% ） 29 （ 36.7% ） 79

29. The result of this report □ Less than 10 ％ of all the surveyed families have their members working outside of the city. □ Moreover, Even in the families of “ the unemployed and the underemployed ” only less than 10 ％ of them have sent their family members for out-migration.

30. □ The reason for the above ① The restriction of family register system ② Little information, funds nor connection to work in big cities in China or other countries are available to workers.

31. □ So many of them live with their parents or relatives, or live in their neighborhood, getting some support from them to make their living. □ Even the families that have their members working out of the city have less possibility to get remittances from them → because they can be only engaged in informal sectors and get lower income.

32. □ There is concern that the vicious circle of yielding unemployment ending up in chronic poverty passed on generation to generation may be brought about. □ It could be said → some measures should be taken to develop social benefits such as unemployment insurance.

33. Thank you!