1. XML : Technologies and Applications
Cheng-Chia Chen
Feb. 2003

2. Where does XML come from? What is its status? Why do we need XML ?
contents
What is XML ?
Where does XML come from? What is its status?
Why do we need XML ?
XML v.s Other formats
Core XML Specifications and APIs
How can we do with XML?
XML sites
A partial list of XML applications and industry initiatives
a sketch of XML documents

3. The eXtensible Markup Language
What is XML ?
The eXtensible Markup Language
a data-structure definition language : let you define the structure and format of your own data.
a data format (syntax) used for the representation, storage and transmission of data whose format is defined by xml.
Text-based markup Language, let you define your own HTML-like markup languages.
Recommended by World Web Consortium (W3C) in Feb 1998.
intended to be used as a new message format over the Internet to complement the inadequacy of HTML.
a subset of SGML
is now very popular and becomes the dominating interchange format of information over the internet

4. Existing student information
The idea of XML
Existing student information
S9010 張得功 資科系 三年級
S9021 王德財 應數系 二年級 null …

5. 學號 姓名 科系 年級 電郵 S9010 張得功 資科系 三年級 s9021 王德財 應數系 二年級
HTML’s concerns
How to present the data:
<TABLE BORDER=1 bgcolor=“yellow” >
<TR><TH>學號</TH>姓名<TH>科系</TH> <TH>年級</TH>
<TH>電郵</TH> </TR>
<TR><TD> S9010</TD><TD>張得功</TD> <TD>資科系</TD>
<TD>三年級</TD> <TD> </TD></TR>
<TR> <TD> S9021 </TD> <TD>王德財</TD> <TD>應數系 </TD>
<TD>二年級 </TD> </TR>
</TABLE> 學號 姓名 科系 年級 電郵
S9010
張得功
資科系
三年級
s9021
王德財
應數系
二年級

6. the same example coded in XML: <students>
XML’s concerns
XML uses markup tags as well, but, describe the content, rather than the presentation of that content.
the same example coded in XML:
<students>
<student><學號> S9010 </學號> <姓名>張得功</姓名> <科系>資科系</科系>
<年級>三年級</年級>
<電郵> </電郵> </student>
<student><學號> S9021 </學號> <姓名>王德財</姓名> <科系>應數系 </科系>
<年級>二年級 </年級><電郵/> </student> …
</students>
Notes:
1. Only contents are encoded in the XML text.
2. All data are annotated by tags indicating their roles or functions in the message.

7. Where does XML come from ?
a simplified subset of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) standardized in 1986, based on the Generalized Markup Language invented by IBM in 1969
simplified for more general use on the Web and as a data interchange format.
without losing extensibility,
easier for anyone to write valid XML.
easier to write a parser
easier for the parser to quickly verify that documents are well-formed and/or valid.
Recommended by W3c at Feb

8. What is the status of XML?
embraced by all of the leaders in the computer industry.
many vertical industries are embracing XML for its ability to expedite the availability of their domain-specific information for internal and external use.
IBM, Microsoft, Sun, Oracle, HP, …
There are many W3C-proposed extensions to XML.
Most use the XML language, which minimizes the differences in syntax that must be learned.
See
XML at W3c or
The XML Cover Pages
for most up-to-date information.

9. Why do we need XML ?
or What can XML bring us?

10. XML unifies the syntax of information
Layer of information(data):
bit
byte
character BCD EBCDIC ASCII BIG5 ISO-8859 ==>
UNICODE
syntax(form) XML
semantics (ontology) Semantic Web
Application
Semantic Web:
an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.
--- Tim Berners-Lee et.al.

11. New desired requirements in the internet age
Easy retrieval of information over the net
realized by current Web/internet technology
good browser,
web server
HTTP, DNS, search engines.
HTML, URI, HyperText, MIME
Easy/cheap interoperation of existing softwares in the internet.
also the old goal of distributed system/computing
RPC, RMI, CORBA,...
a prerequisite for eCommerce
issues:
data transmission ==> solved by existing internet infrastructure
data representations ?

12. Why needing a unifying format for data ?
Case: 10 word processors, each need to be able to process docs generated by any other.
1st approach:
write a converter A-->B for any A and B.
#converter = n x (n-1) = 90 (bad!)
2nd approach:
invent a common format (C).
write a pair of converters (A --> C, C-->A) for each word processor.
To process doc generated from A by B, simply
A ==(A-->C)== C == (C-->B) == B
required converts: 2 x n = 20 (much better!)
prerequisite: need a common format.
This is what XML plays!!

13. Example:XML in EDA (Electric Design Automation)

14. Additional benefits of XML (as a common format)
Free (or cheap) cost of obtaining required software for processing XML.
without the need to reinvent the wheel.
can focus on value-added software based on these underlying software.
Decoupling of tightly-coupled distributed systems into loosely one.
less monopolization of software by vendors
more selections of combinations for buyers
more chances of contributing softwares for small company.
less investment for buyers.

15. Application type of current World-Wide Web
Three-tier WWW architecture :
Major information flows (for human information retrieval):
(human) -->client browser --(http)--> webServer
--> CGI(query) --> databases -->wrap result into html or other MIME formats --(http) ---> browser ---(data rendering) --> human
major interactions and interchanged data formats:
application type: information retrieval
Man ---(html/MIME)--- machine(browser+web server)
web server ----(machine dependent)--- backend system (databases)

16. the internet ... ... IE5,6 databases file system databases file system
client browser
query(post,get)
http
IE5,6
client browser
html/text
gif/jpeg
video/audio
NETSCAPE
web server
the internet
...
client browser
...
query
result
tables
web server
web server
databases
file
system
apache
IIS
databases
file
system
databases
file
system

17. The other major WWW applications: business applications

18. Additional Interactions for WWW business applications
New application type : web service
additional interactions
backend business system <---> webserver <--> webserver <---> backend business system
Problem: Too many data formats exist among the systems and web servers understanding all kinds of data formats are hard to implement.
Solution: define a universal or a small set of universal data formats and require all systems to transmit data using such formats.
but the existing HTML + MIME formats not enough ?
NO!! HTML, while amendable to human via browsers, is not easy for machine to understand/retrieve data.

19. Advantages of XML over HTML
XML can define your own tags.
XML tags describe the content, rather than the presentation of that content
easier for content search (no annoying presentation data).
easier for page development (separating content from view)
easy for devices to render the contents depending on its environments (single model/multiple views)
Notes for the next figure:
searches can be applied to XML data more easily, and the result can be rendered differently, depending on the destination device.
the XML processor can exist on the server, the client, or both.

20. work done by the XML processor in response to a client request:
collect data from related data sources
merge sources into a unifying content
rendering data depending on the client’s environment.

21. Business area benefited from XML use
e-commerce
there are now many specific XML languages to describe orders, transactions, inventory, and billing.
These open XML languages will allow manufacturers, retailers, and consumers, even banking and accounting systems to share the same data.
Meaningful searches, platform independence
If Web data (contents) is encoded in XML, customers can find your product or service, and purchase it, without regard for the used (server/client) platforms.
Data accessibility
XML schema allow XML documents to encode the datatype information and relationships in existing databases.

22. Business area benefited from XML use
XML extensions such as XQuery can be used to specify queries within XML.
Database information can be immediately accessible as XML on corporate intranets or the Web.
XML views provided now by most venders

23. Business area benefited from XML use
Application simplification
Today's applications suffer from file-format bloat.
XML's open and extensible nature allows us to represent all of the functionality of different existing formats in one XML domain-specific grammar.
enable the sharing of data over the Internet.
Since the actual data but not its presentation is encoded, it may be presented on any output device from the PC with a browser to the cell-phone and small PDA.

24. Comparison of XML and Other formats
HTML
discussed
Text-based non-markup formats
.c .cpp .java .ini …
Binary formats
.dll .exe .o .swf
.class .png .jpeg …

25. Advantage of XML over text formats
JavaML v.s Java; CppML v.s Cpp
XMI v.s rational’s proprietary format
web.xml, plugin.xml v.s ***.ini (for configuration)
build.xml v.s. makefile
advantage:
structure explicitly represented in the XML format.
(free and) standard tools (and API) exists for quick parsing of the XML format. => front-end processing avoided/reduced
disadvantage: too verbose.
for storage and transmission.
can be overcome by compression
for human generation; (not a problem for machine generation)
require smarter editor
for human reading/comprehension:
a real problem!!

26. Advantage of XML over binary formats
Example:
classML v.s .clss file format.
swfml v.s swf (Flash file format)
XQuery XML format v.s plain text format
RelaxNG XML v.s. plain text format
advantage:
readable; editable
(free and) open software and APIs available
disadvantage:
take longer time to parse.
The trend:
one data model/ multi representation formats +
converters among the formats.

27. Core specifications for XML
XML Namespace
XML Path language (XPath)
XML Stylesheet Langugae (XSL)
XSL Transformation language (XSLT)
XSL formating Objects (XSLFO)
XML Linking language (XLink)
XML Pointer Langugae (XPointer)
XML schemas (; RelaxNG)
XHTML
XML signatures/canonicalization
XML protocols
XMLForm
XQuery (XML language for Querying XML Documents)

28. Core Specifications for XML
document type definition (DTD) : a utility used to define the formats and contents of valid XML documents.
a specification to define what kinds of texts are well-formed XML document
XML namespace
Define a mechanism to avoid collision of elements and/or attribute names in documents using multiple sets of DTDs.
Xlink
Define the mechanism for linking to web resources from an XML document.
Xpointer
Define a mechanism for linking to inside an XML document.
XPath
Define a mechanism to refer to part of an XML document

29. XSL ( XML Stylesheet Language)
a language for expressing stylesheets.
consists of two parts:
XSLT : a language (in XML format) used to describe how to transform an XML document into one in XML or non-XML format.
XSLFO: an XML vocabulary for specifying formatting semantics.
An XSL stylesheet specifies the presentation of a class of XML documents by describing how an instance of the class is transformed into an XML document that uses the formatting vocabulary.

31. consists of three documents:
XML Schema
A planned replacement of DTD.
used to define the structures and formats of various messages encoded in XML format.
another competing alternative: RelaxNG
consists of three documents:
Part 0: a primer
an easy-to-understand introcuction
Part 2: Datatypes
define tens of frequently used bulit-in datatypes
Part 3: structures
specifies the XML Schema definition language, offers facilities for describing the structure and constraining the contents of XML documents

32. JDOM, dom4j (XML APIs for Java)
API for XML documents
DOM (level 1 & 2) :
Document Object Model
Tree-based XML API
language independent
SAX (version 1 & 2) :
Simple API for XML Document,
Event-based XML API
JDOM, dom4j (XML APIs for Java)
DOM for Java
Tree-based,
simpler version of DOM
easier to use than DOM,
suitable for Java only

33. How can XML be used ?
XML was designed to store, carry and exchange data. It was not designed to display data.
As a syntax format:
XML is used to Exchange Data
With XML, data can be exchanged between incompatible systems.
XML and B2B : With XML, financial information can be exchanged over the Internet.
XML can be used to Share Data
With XML, plain text files can be used to share data.
XML can be used to Store Data
With XML, plain text files can be used to store data and object.
As a meta language (for defining data structure)
XML can be used to Create new Languages
XML is the mother of WML, SVG, SMIL, GXL, XHTML, CML,...

34. XML can make your Data more Useful
With XML, your data is available to more users.
For sensible developers
All sensible developers should have all their future applications exchange data in XML.

35. XML-enabled services/applications:
What can we do about XML
XML processing tools:
XML parser; XML editors; XML-existing format converter
XML2HTML; DTD2DCD ; DCDeditor
Various Domain-specific XML rendering tools
graphical XML --> Graphic
DTD manager, schema tools, soap processor, web service tools/IDE/system
XML-enabled services/applications:
make your application software capable of serving request from internet (without special prerequisite) and requesting other internet on-line service.

36. XML document design/application development
What can we do about XML ?
XML document design/application development
Design standard XML format for various domains
order, transaction, billing, product for business domain
mathematical formula, chemical formula in science
Graph/graphics markup language ; Others: ?
academic artifacts: OODesign (XMI), graph(GXL), petriNet, java Object (XML encoding), AST,...
require cooperation of XML experts and domain experts.
XMLize legacy system data/database
domain:一般企業: 之 人事 庫存 客戶 產品 產品使用手冊 公文; 醫院 學校 政府機關(戶政 地政 稅捐...) : 病例 藥品 課程 戶籍 地籍 稅務
Approaches:
change old format to new XML format, and optionally, provide a view of old format.
two formats coexisting.
preserve old format, provide a new XML view.

37. Information sources for XML:
XML information
Java
Sun’s java site: (
The java tutorial ( is a nice book to begin with.
Information sources for XML:
W3C site:
SGML/XML home page:
XML com:
XML university:
XML page of leading computer companies
Microsoft:
IBM:
sun:
See the course page for more.

38. XML as an alternative representation format
XML applications
XML as an alternative representation format
(SVG) Scalar Vector Graph : for vector graph
(MathML) : for mathematical expressions
SMIL (Synchronized Multimedium Integration language):
Resource Description Framework (RDF) : an XML language for describing web resources and their relationship
CML (Chemical Markup Language) : for chemical molecule
JCML : XML format for java bytecodes (object code)
JavaML : for java programs
CppML : XML formats for C++
Ant : a replacement of make for java
OOML : a OO PL in XML
UIML : user interface Markup language
WAP WML (Wireless Markup Language)

39. A partial list of XML applications and industry initiatives
W3C Specifications Documentation
Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)
XCES: Corpus Encoding Standard for XML
Encoding and Markup for Texts of the Ancient Near East
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL)
Perseus Project
Channel Definition Format, CDF (Based on XML)
RDF Rich Site Summary (RSS)
Open Content Syndication (OCS)
Web Modeling Language (WebML)
Portable Site Information (PSI)
XHTML and 'XML-Based' HTML Modules
W3C Document Object Model (DOM), Level 1 Specification
Web Collections using XML
Meta Content Framework Using XML (MCF)
XML-Data
Namespaces in XML
Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Ontology Interchange Language (OIL)
The Australia New Zealand Land Information Council (ANZLIC) - Metadata
Alexandria Digital Library Project
ATLA Serials Project (ATLAS)

40. XML in law BiblioML - XML for UNIMARC Bibliographic Records
Medlane XMLMARC Experiment - MARC to XML
e-Government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF)
US Federal CIO Council XML Working Group
XML Metadata Interchange Format (XMI) - Object Management Group (OMG)
OMG Common Warehouse Metadata Interchange (CWMI) Specification
Object Management Group XML/Value RFP
MDC Open Information Model (OIM)
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)
Open Archives Metadata Set (OAMS)
Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata (PRISM)
Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS) XML and Petri Nets
Outline Processor Markup Language (OPML)
ParlML: A Common Vocabulary for Parliamentary Language
Legal XML Working Group
COSCA/NACM JTC XML Court Filing Project
New Mexico District Court XML Interface (XCI)

41. XML and multimedia Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)
Multimodal Presentation Markup Language (MPML)
Moving Picture Experts Group: MPEG-7 Standard
DIG35: Metadata Standard for Digital Images
W3C Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG)
Precision Graphics Markup Language (PGML)
Vector Markup Language (VML)
Image Markup Language (IML)
VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) and X3D
Extensible Graph Markup and Modeling Language (XGMML)
Structured Graph Format (SGF)
Graph Exchange Language (GXL)
Petri Net Markup Language (PNML)

42. XML in chemistry and biochemistry
Georgia State University Electronic Court Filing Project
Web Standards Project (WSP)
Open Software Description Format (OSD)
XLF (Extensible Log Format) Initiative
ALURe (Aggregation and Logging of User Requests) XML Specification
Apache XML Project
WAP Wireless Markup Language Specification
The SyncML Initiative
Materials Property Data Markup Language (MatML)
Measurement Units Markup Language
XML-Based 'eStandard' for the Chemical Industry
Chemical Markup Language
Molecular Dynamics [Markup] Language (MoDL)
StarDOM - Transforming Scientific Data into XML
Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language (BSML)
BIOpolymer Markup Language (BIOML)
CellML
Gene Expression Markup Language (GEML)
Genome Annotation Markup Elements (GAME)

43. XML and Finance Microarray Markup Language (MAML)
XML for Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAML)
Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML)
OMG Gene Expression RFP
Taxonomic Markup Language
XDELTA: XML Format for Taxonomic Information
Virtual Hyperglossary (VHG)
Weather Observation Definition Format (OMF)
Open Philanthropy Exchange (OPX)
Open Financial Exchange (OFX/OFE)
Interactive Financial Exchange (IFX)
FinXML - 'The Digital Language for Capital Markets'
Investment Research Markup Language (IRML)
Extensible Financial Reporting Markup Language (XFRML)
Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)
XMLPay Specification
Trading Partner Agreement Markup Language (tpaML)
Internet Open Trading Protocol (IOTP)
Financial Products Markup Language (FpML)

44. XML messaging ( or XML Protocols)
XML Mail Transport Protocol (XMTP) for XML SMTP and MIME Representation
HTML Threading - Use of HTML in
XML Messaging (IETF)
Jabber XML Protocol
XML Messaging Specification (XMSG)
M Project: Java XML-Based Messaging System
HTTP Distribution and Replication Protocol (DRP)
Information and Content Exchange (ICE)

45. FAML DTD for Financial Research Documents
Mortgage Bankers Association of America MISMO Standard
Digital Property Rights Language (DPRL)
Extensible Rights Markup Language (XrML)
Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL)
Research Information Exchange Markup Language (RIXML)
Data Link for Intermediaries Markup Language (daliML)
XML-MP: XML Mortgage Partners Framework
EcoKnowMICS ML
Electronic Book Exchange (EBX) Working Group FIXML - A Markup Language for the FIX Application Message Layer
Bank Internet Payment System (BIPS)
smartX ['SmartCard'] Markup Language (SML)

46. Secure XML XML and Encryption
XML Digital Signature (Signed XML - IETF/W3C)
XML Key Management Specification (XKMS)
Security Services Markup Language (S2ML)
AuthXML Standard for Web Security
Digital Signatures for Internet Open Trading Protocol (IOTP)
XML Encoding of SPKI Certificates
Digital Receipt Infrastructure Initiative
Digest Values for DOM (DOMHASH)
Signed Document Markup Language (SDML)

47. Real Estate Transaction Markup Language (RETML)
OpenMLS and RELML (Real Estate Listing Markup Language)
Data Consortium (Real Estate Standards)
Comprehensive Real Estate Transaction Markup Language (CRTML)
ACORD - XML for the Insurance Industry
iLingo XML Schemas for Insurance
Customer Profile Exchange (CPEX) Working Group
Customer Support Consortium
XML for the Automotive Industry - SAE J2008
Spacecraft Markup Language (SML)
XML.ORG - The XML Industry Portal
X-ACT - XML Active Content Technologies Council
Electronic Business XML Initiative (ebXML)
BASDA eBIS-XML
Portal Markup Language (PML)
EDGARspace Portal
DII Common Operating Environment (COE) XML Registry
StarOffice XML File Format
Open eBook Initiative
ONIX International XML DTD
NISO Digital Talking Books (DTB)

48. OpenMath Standard
OMDoc: A Standard for Mathematical Documents
Mathematical Markup Language
Re-Useable Data Language (RDL)"
OpenTag Markup
Metadata - PICS
MIX - Mediation of Information Using XML
CDIF XML-Based Transfer Format Covad xLink API (XML-Based DSL Provisioning)
WebBroker: Distributed Object Communication on the Web
Web Interface Definition Language (WIDL)
Global Engineering Networking Initiative (GEN)
XML/EDI - Electronic Data Interchange
XML/EDI Repository Working Group

49. Global Uniform Interoperable Data Exchange (GUIDE)
BizCodes Initiative
Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF)
European XML/EDI Workshop
EEMA EDI/EC Work Group - XML/EDI
ANSI ASC X12/XML and DISA
OpenTravel Alliance (OTA)
Hospitality Industry Technology Integration Standards (HITIS) Project
Open Catalog Protocol (OCP)
eCatalog XML (eCX)
vCard Electronic Business Card
Customer Identity / Name and Address Markup Language (CIML, NAML)
AND Global Address XML Definition
Historical Event Markup and Linking
iCalendar XML DTD

50. EC FrameWorks CommerceNet Industry Initiative
eCo Interoperability Framework Specification
BizTalk Framework
eCo Framework Project and Working Group
Commerce XML (cXML)
SMBXML: An Open Standard for Small to Medium Sized Businesses
RosettaNet

51. XML Encoded Form Values
Capability Card: An Attribute Certificate in XML
Telecommunications Interchange Markup (TIM, TCIF/IPI)
aecXML Working Group - Architecture, Engineering and Construction
Building Construction Extensible Markup Language (bcXML)
MasterBuilder Construction Management and Accounting
Green Building XML (gbXML)
Product Data Markup Language (PDML)
Product Definition Exchange (PDX)
Electronic Component Information Exchange (ECIX) and Pinnacles Component Information Standard (PCIS)
ECIX QuickData Specifications
ECIX Component Information Dictionary Standard (CIDS)
ECIX Timing Diagram Markup Language (TDML)
XML and Electronic Design Automation (EDA)
Encoded Archival Description (EAD)
UML eXchange Format (UXF)
XML Data Binding Specification
Translation Memory eXchange (TMX)
P3P Specification: Platform for Privacy Preferences
Extensible Name Service (XNS)
Dialogue Moves Markup Language (DMML)

52. Scripting News in XML
InterX.org Initiative
Document Encoding and Structuring Specification for Electronic Recipe Transfer (DESSERT)
NuDoc Technology
Coins: Tightly Coupled JavaBeans and XML Elements
DMTF Common Information Model (CIM)
Universal Plug and Play Forum
XML Transition Network Definition (XTND)
Process Interchange Format XML (PIF-XML)
(XML) Topic Maps
DARPA Agent Mark Up Language (DAML)
Rule Markup Language (RuleML)
Relational-Functional Markup Language (RFML)
Ontology and Conceptual Knowledge Markup Languages
Information Flow Framework Language (IFF)
Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE)
XOL - XML-Based Ontology Exchange Language
Description Logics Markup Language (DLML)
Case Based Markup Language (CBML)
Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)
Physics Markup Language (PhysicsML)

53. Procedural Markup Language (PML)
QAML - The Q&A Markup Language
LACITO Projet Archivage de données linguistiques sonores et textuelles [Linguistic Data Archiving Project]
Geography Markup Language (GML)
LandXML
Navigation Markup Language (NVML)
Extensible Data Format (XDF)
Gemini Observatory Project
NASA Goddard Astronomical Data Center (ADC) 'Scientific Dataset' XML
Extensible Scientific Interchange Language (XSIL)
Object Oriented Data Technology (OODT) and XML
Astronomical Markup Language
Astronomical Instrument Markup Language (AIML)
GedML: [GEDCOM] Genealogical Data in XML
adXML.org: XML for Advertising
Newspaper Association of America (NAA) - Standard for Classified Advertising Data
News Industry Text Format (NITF)
XMLNews: XMLNews-Story and XMLNews-Meta
NewsML and IPTC2000
News Markup Language (NML)
Notes Flat File Format (NFF)

54. Java Help API
Cold Fusion Markup Language (CFML)
Document Content Description for XML (DCD)
XSchema
Document Definition Markup Language (DDML)
Character Mapping Markup Language (CharMapML)
WEBDAV (IETF 'Extensions for Distributed Authoring and Versioning on the World Wide Web')
DAV Searching and Locating (DASL)
Graphic Communications Association - GCA 'Paper' DTD
DocBook XML DTD
Apache Cocoon JavaDoc Documentation in XML
JDox: XML Format for Sun Javadoc
XML for Publishers and Printers (XPP)
Job Definition Format (JDF)
Printing Industry Markup Language (PrintML)
PML: Markup Language for Paper and Printing
PrintTalk Consortium
printcafe eProduction eCommerce eXchange (PCX)
IEEE LTSC XML Ad Hoc Group
Universal Learning Format Technical Specification

55. Educom Instructional Management Systems Project (IMS) Metadata Specification
Learning Material Markup Language (LMML)
Tutorial Markup Language (TML)
International Development Markup Language (IDML)
Call Processing Language (CPL)
Call Policy Markup Language (CPML)
VoiceXML Forum (Voice Extensible Markup Language Forum)
VoxML Markup Language
Telephony Markup Language (TML)
DARPA Communicator Project and XML Log Standard
Multilevel Annotation, Tools Engineering (MATE)
Computing Environment for Linguistic, Literary, and Anthropological Research (CELLAR)
Architecture and Tools for Linguistic Analysis Systems (ATLAS)
TalkBank and the Codon XML-Based Annotation Framework
ACE Pilot Format DTDs
Transcriber - Speech Segmentation and Annotation DTD
Natural Language Semantics Markup Language
Extensible Telephony Markup Language (XTML)
SABLE: A Standard for Text-to-Speech Synthesis Markup
Speech Synthesis Markup Language Specification for the Speech Interface Framework
Java Speech Markup Language (JSML/JSpeech)
SpeechML

56. TalkML
Project Management XML Schema
XML for Workflow Management [NIST]
SWAP - Simple Workflow Access Protocol
XML-Based Workflow [Process Management] Standard: Wf-XML
Exchangeable Routing Language (XRL)
Architecture Description Markup Language (ADML)
Theological Markup Language (ThML)
LitML: A Liturgical Markup Language
XML-F ('XML for FAX')
XML and Forms
XHTML-FML: Forms Markup Language
Extensible Forms Description Language (XFDL)
XML Forms Architecture (XFA)Electronic Form System (EFS)
Broadcast Hypertext Markup Language (BHTML)
IEEE Standard DTD
Open Settlement Protocol (OSP) - ETSI/TIPHON
Directory Services Markup Language (DSML)
DIF Directory Interoperability Proposal
XML DTD for ACAP - ACAP Data Interchange Format
WDDX - Web Distributed Data Exchange
XIOP - XML Corba Environment-Specific Inter-ORB Protocol

57. XML-RPC
Blocks eXtensible eXchange Protocol Framework (BEEP)
Layered Object Transport Protocol (LOTP)
XML for Exchange of Structure and Identification of Management Information (SMI)
WorldOS
Business Process Modeling Language (BPML)
Business Rules Markup Language (BRML)
Common Business Library (CBL)
Universal Commerce Language and Protocol (UCLP)
VISA XML Invoice Specification
First Retail Mark-up Language
Open Applications Group - OAGIS
Schema for Object-oriented XML (SOX)
XMLTP.Org - XML Transfer Protocol
The XML Bookmark Exchange Language (XBEL)
Simple Object Definition Language (SODL) and XMOP Service
Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)
Web Services Description Language (WSDL)
Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)
Transaction Authority Markup Language (XAML)
XML Encoding Rules for ASN.1 (XER)

58. Object-Oriented Programing Meta-Language (OOPML)
XML and Music
FlowML: A Format for Virtual Orchestras
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
National Library of Medicine (NLM) XML Data Formats
ISIS European XML/EDI Healthcare Pilot Project (XMLEPR)
Open Healthcare Group 'XChart'
DocScope: Open Source XML Healthcare Project
Health Level Seven XML Patient Record Architecture
ASTM XML Document Type Definitions (DTDs) for Health Care
The CISTERN Project - Standard XML Templates for Healthcare
Template Definition Language (TDL)
Human Resource Management Markup Language (HRMML)
HR-XML Consortium
XML-HR Initiative - Human Resources
Rosetta Group XML Résumé Library
ECMData - Electronic Component Manufacturer Data Sheet Inventory Specification
Bean Markup Language (BML)
The Koala Bean Markup Language (KBML)
Jigsaw XML Format (JigXML)
Chinese XML Now!
MOS-X (Media Object Server - XML)

59. FLBC (Formal Language for Business Communication) and KQML
ISO XML DTDs
Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Markup Language (ETD-ML)
Extensible User Interface Language (XUL)
The Extensible Bindings Language (XBL)
User Interface Markup Language (UIML)
Process Specification Language (PSL) and XML
Steel Markup Language (SML)
Energy Trading Standards Group (ETSG)
Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation (POSC) XML Related Projects
PetroXML Initiative
Partner Interface Process for Energy (PIPE)
Marine Trading Markup Language (MTML)
Navy CALS Initiatives XML
eFirst XML for Scholarly Articles
XML DTD for Phone Books
Using XML for RFCs
Schools Interoperability Framework (SIF)
Guideline XML (gXML)
Extensible Protocol
XML Belief Network File Format (Bayesian Networks)

60. Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML)
Data Documentation Initiative: A Project of the Social Science Community
XML and 'The Semantic Web'
XML and Attribute Grammars
XML and Databases
SODA2 - An XML Semistructured Database System
RAX - Record API for XML
XML and CORBA
Chess Markup Language (ChessML)
Mind Reading Markup Language (MRML)

61. A sketch of the XML Syntax
XML is a simple data format that balances the needs of people to read/write data with the needs of machines to read/write data.
-- Dan Connolly, W3C

62. An example XML document: <?xml version="1.0"?> <note>
A sketch of XML Syntax
An example XML document:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<note>
<to>Wang</to>
<from>Chen</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
Notes:
The XML declaration should always be included.
<note>…</root> is the root element which has 4 children.

63. <!– the structure of the document element -->
<department>
<employee id=“s8931">
<name>張德治</name>
</employee>
<employee id=“s9017“ id-no =“L ” >
<name>李大春</name>
<url href =
"
</department>

64. Root element [document element] Attribute
Key terminology
Element
Element type (or element name)
Start tag
End tag
[Element] Content
child element
character data
Root element [document element]
Attribute
Attribute name
Attribute value

65. <!– the structure of the document element -->
Element type (or name)
<department> start-tag
<employee id=“s8931">
<name>張德治</name>
</employee>
<employee id=“s9017“ id-no =“L ” >
<name>李大春</name>
<url href =
"
</department> end-tag
Attributes
attribute value
attribute name
[The root or document] element

66. All XML elements must have an end tag
In HTML some elements do not have to have a closing tag. The following code is legal in HTML:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
In XML all elements must have a closing tag like this:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p> 

67. XML tags are case sensitive
The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.
Opening and closing tags must be written with the same case:
<Message>This is incorrect</message>
<message>This is correct</message> 

68. All XML elements must be properly nested
In HTML some elements can be improperly nested within each other like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
In XML all elements must be properly nested within each other like this
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

69. All XML documents must have a single root[document] element
All XML documents must contain a single root element.
All other elements must be nested within the root element. All elements can have sub (children) elements. Subelements must be in pairs and correctly nested within their parent element:
<root>
<child>
<subchild>…</subchild>
</child> …
</root>

70. Attribute values must always be quoted
XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML. In XML the attribute value must always be quoted.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<note date= 12/11/99> <to>Tove</to><from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note> <!-- not well-formed -->
<note date="12/11/99"> <to>Tove</to><from>Jani</from>
</note> <!– well-formed -->

71. normally used to describe XML elements, or
XML Attributes
normally used to describe XML elements, or
to provide additional information about elements.
From HTML you can remember this construct:
<IMG SRC="computer.gif">
In this HTML example:
SRC is an attribute to the IMG element.
he SRC attribute provides additional information about the element.

72. Attributes are always contained within the start tag of an element.
XML Attributes
Attributes are always contained within the start tag of an element.
HTML examples:
<img src="computer.gif"> <a href="demo.asp">
XML examples:
<file type="gif"> <person id="3344">
Attributes are usually used to provide information that is not a part of the content of the XML document. I.e.
Often attribute data is more important to the XML parser than to the reader.
in the example above, the person id is a counter value that is irrelevant to the reader, but important to software that wants to manipulate the person element. 

73. Use of Elements vs. Attributes
Examples:
Using an Attribute for sex:
<person sex="female">
<firstname>Anna</firstname>
<lastname>Smith</lastname>
</person>
Using an Element for sex:
<person>
<sex>female</sex>

74. Well-Formed XML documents
XML Validation
Well-Formed XML documents
A Well-Formed XML document is a document that conforms to the XML syntax rules that we have described .
The following is a Well-Formed XML document:
<?xml version="1.0“ ?>
<note>
<to>John</to> <from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

75. The same Document with an added reference to a DTD:
Valid XML documents
A Valid XML document is a Well-Formed XML document which conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD).
The same Document with an added reference to a DTD:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "Note.dtd">
<note> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

76. DTD - XML Building Blocks
DTD - Table of Contents
Introduction to DTD An introduction to the XML Document Type Definition.
DTD - XML Building Blocks
What XML building blocks are defined in a DTD.
DTD Elements
How to define the elements of an XML document using DTD.
DTD Attributes
How to define the legal attributes of XML elements using DTD.
DTD Entities
How to define XML entities using DTD.

77. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements.
Introduction to DTD
The purpose of a DTD is to define the legal building blocks of an XML document.
It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements.
A DTD can be declared inline in your XML document, or as an external reference.

78. <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
Internal DTD
This is an XML document with a Document Type Definition: (Open it in IE5, and select view source)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)> ]>
<note> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from> <heading>Reminder</heading> <body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body> </note>
The DTD is interpreted like this: !ELEMENT note (in line 2) defines the element "note" as having four elements: "to,from,heading,body". and so on.....

79. <!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
External DTD
This is the same XML document with an external DTD:  (Open it in IE5, and select view source)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note> <to>Tove</to> <from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>

80. <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
note.dtd
This is a copy of the file "note.dtd" containing the Document Type Definition:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>

81. XML provides an application independent way of sharing data.
Why use a DTD?
XML provides an application independent way of sharing data.
With a DTD, independent groups of people can agree to use a common DTD for interchanging data.
Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that data that you receive from the outside world is valid. You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.
A lot of forums are emerging to define standard DTDs for almost everything in the areas of data exchange. Take a look at: CommerceNet's XML exchange and

82. DTD - XML building blocks
The building blocks of XML documents
XML documents (and HTML documents) are made up by the following building blocks:
Elements,
Tags,
Attributes,
Entities,
PCDATA, and
CDATA sections
This is a brief explanation of each of the building blocks:

83. Elements are the main building blocks of both XML and HTML documents.
Examples of HTML elements are "body" and "table".
Examples of XML elements could be "note" and "message".
Elements can contain text, other elements, or be empty.
Examples of empty HTML elements are "hr", "br" and "img".

84. Tags are used to markup elements.
A starting tag like <element_name> mark up the beginning of an element, and
an ending tag like </element_name>  mark up the end of  an element.
Examples: A body element:
<body> body text in between</body>. A message element:
<message> some message in between</message>

85. Attributes provide extra information about elements.
Attributes are placed inside the start tag of an element.
Attributes come in name/value pairs.
The following "img" element has an additional information about a source file:
<img src="computer.gif" />
Notes:
The name of the element is "img".
The name of the attribute is "src".
The value of the attribute is "computer.gif".
Since the element itself is empty it is closed by a " /".

86. PCDATA means parsed character data.
Think of character data as the text found between the start tag and the end tag of an XML element.
PCDATA is text that will be parsed by a parser.
Tags inside the text will be treated as markup and entities will be expanded, hence they should not appear pcdata. 
Ex: <!ELEMENT section (#PCDATA)>
<section> abc <em> de </section>

87. CDATA also means character data.
CDATA sections
CDATA also means character data.
CDATA is text that will NOT be parsed by a parser.
Tags inside the text will NOT be treated as markup and entities will not be expanded.
Ex:
<section>abc <![CDATA[ &a; <em>def]]> g</section>

88. Entities are used to define common text like macros.
Entity references are references to entities.
Most of you will know the HTML entity reference: " "  that is used to insert an extra space in an HTML document.
Entities are expanded when a document is parsed by an XML parser.
The following entities are predefined in XML:
Entity References Character
< <
> >
& &
" "
&apos; '

89. In the DTD, XML elements are declared with an element declaration.
DTD - Elements
Declaring an Element
In the DTD, XML elements are declared with an element declaration.
An element declaration has the following syntax:
<!ELEMENT element-name (element-content)>
Types of element contents:
EMPTY – no contents
ANY no restriction on contents
MIXED -- allow character data
(character data only) or (character data + elements)
ELEMENTs-ONLY -- allow elements only

90. Elements with empty content Declared with the keyword EMPTY:
EMPTY elements
Elements with empty content
Declared with the keyword EMPTY:
<!ELEMENT element-name EMPTY>
Example:
<!ELEMENT img EMPTY>
Legal Instances:
<img/>
<img></img>
<img> </img>

91. Elements that can contain any combination of elements and text data.
ANY Elements
Elements that can contain any combination of elements and text data.
Declared with the ‘ANY’ keyword
<!ELEMENT name ANY >
Example:
<!ELEMENT E1 ANY>
Legal instances:
<E1> <E2/> e2 <E3> fff </E3> … </E1>
<E1> dddd <E1>
<E1/>

92. Elements with MIXED contents
Elements that can only contain text contents
<!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)>
Elements allowing text as well as element contents
<!ELEMENT E0 (#PCDATA | E1 | E2 … )* >
Example:
<!ELEMENT note (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT em EMPTY>
<!ELEMENT e1 (#PCDATA | note | em)* >
Instances:
<e1> ddd <em/> cd <note>ttt</note> <em/> </e1>

93. Elements that can contains element contents only
Issue: how to declare the possible sequences of content elements occurrences.
Solu: regular expressions over element names
Definition:
CP ::= (name | choice | seq ) (‘+’ | ‘*’ | ‘?’ )?
choice ::= a list of two or more CPs separated by ‘|’ and is enclosed by ‘(‘ and ‘)’.
seq ::= a list of one or more CPs seprated by ‘,’ and is enclosed by ‘(‘ and ‘)’
Element-Only elements:
<!ELEMENT name CP – name (‘+’ | ‘*’ | ‘?’ )? >
Illegal : <!ELEMENT e1 e2*>, <!ELEMENT e1 e2>
Legal : <!ELEMENT e1 (e2)>,<… (e2+)>, <… (e2)?>

94. <!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)> <!ELEMENT note
More examples
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT note
(to, from, heading1 | heading2, body)> (X)
(to, from, (heading1 | heading2), body)> (0)
<!ELEMENT E1
( (E1, E2) | (E1, E3, E2)) > (x, 1-ambiguous)
Rewritten as
… (E1, (E2 | (E3,E2)))> (0)

95. Defined for the elements they belong to
Attribute Definition
Defined for the elements they belong to
<!ELEMENT book (preface, toc, chapter+, index?)
<!ATTLIST book title CDATA #REQUIRED>
<!ATTLIST book isbn CDATA #IMPLIED> Or
<!ATTLIST book
title CDATA #REQUIRED
isbn CDATA #IMPLIED >
Format:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attr-name attr-type attr-default-value >
Atributes have a name, a type, a default-value and belong to an element.

96. CDATA The value is character data
Attribute types
type Explanation
CDATA The value is character data
(eval|eval|..) The value must be an enumerated value
ID The value is an unique id
IDREF The value is the id of another element
IDREFS The value is a list of other ids
NMTOKEN The value is a valid XML name
NMTOKENS The value is a list of valid XML names
ENTITY The value is an entity
ENTITIES The value is a list of entities
NOTATION The value is a name of a notation

97. Attribute-default value
Value Explanation
“v1” The attribute has a default value “v1”
#REQUIRED The attribute value must be included in
the element
#IMPLIED The attribute does not have to be
included
#FIXED “value”The attribute value is fixed

98. Default attribute value
Attribute Examples
DTD example:
<!ELEMENT square EMPTY>
<!ATTLIST square width CDATA "0">
XML example:
<square width="100"></square>
Default attribute value
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attribute-name CDATA "default-value">
<!ATTLIST payment type CDATA "check">
<payment type="check"> equ.to. <payment >

99. <!ATTLIST elm-name attribute-name attribute-type #IMPLIED>
Implied attribute
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attribute-name attribute-type #IMPLIED>
example:
<!ATTLIST contact fax CDATA #IMPLIED>
instance:
<contact fax=" ">

100. Required attribute
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attr-name attr-type #REQUIRED>
DTD example:
<!ATTLIST person number CDATA #REQUIRED>
XML example:
<person number="5677">
<person> (x)

101. Fixed attribute value
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attr-name attr-type #FIXED "value">
DTD example:
<!ATTLIST sender company CDATA #FIXED "Microsoft">
XML example:
<sender company="Microsoft"> equ.to <sender>

102. Enumerated attribute values
Syntax:
<!ATTLIST elm-name attr-name (v1|v2|..) def-value>
DTD example:
<!ATTLIST payment type (check|cash) "cash">
<!ATTLIST light color (red | green |yellow) #IMPLIED>
XML example:
<payment type="check"> or <payment type="cash">
<light color=‘red’> or <light>

103. Entity references are references to entities.
DTD-Entities
Entities
used to define shortcuts to common text, like macros in programming languages.
Entity references are references to entities.
If name is an entity [name], then
&name; (or %name; but not both) is its reference
Entities can be declared
internal ( in the same doc as its doc instance) or
external (external to is doc instances)

104. Internal Entity Declaration
Syntax:
<!ENTITY entity-name "entity-value">
DTD Example:
<!ENTITY p1 “Peter">
<!ENTITY birthday “2/12/2000">
XML example:
<baby>&p1; &birthday;</baby>
Equ. To.
<baby> Peter 2/12/2000 </baby>

105. External Entity Declaration
Syntax:
<!ENTITY entity-name SYSTEM "URI/URL">
DTD Example:
<!ENTITY writer SYSTEM "
<!ENTITY copyright SYSTEM "
XML example:
<author>&writer;&copyright;</author>