1. The Civil War and Emancipation HIS 265

2. Growing Sectional Conflict Missouri Compromise (1820)  Missouri = slave state  Maine = free state  No slavery in rest of La. Purchase north of 36’30 Effects:  Maintained balance of power between North (free states) & South (slave states) in Senate  Continued two-tiered westward expansion  Left little room for slavery to expand (Arkansas) – led to annexation of Texas (1845) & Mexican War (1846-48)

3. Mexican War Politicized Slavery Issue Wilmot Proviso  David Wilmot was a Pennsylvania Democrat  would’ve banned slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico Calhoun Resolutions  John C. Calhoun argued territories were common possession of all states & citizens  argued forbidding slave owners to bring slaves into territories violated 5 th Amendment Popular Sovereignty  Lewis Cass was a Michigan Whig  argued each territory should decide slavery issue for itself  later championed by Stephen Douglas David Wilmot Lewis Cass

4. The Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state New Mexico territory organized on basis of popular sovereignty; Texas reduced to present size & compensated Utah territory organized on basis of popular sovereignty Fugitive Slave Act made federal government responsible for catching & returning escaped slaves Slave trade (but not slavery) abolished in the District of Columbia Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

5. Northern Response to the Compromise of 1850

6. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1851)

7. The End of the Missouri Compromise Competition over route of transcontinental railroad:  Gadsden Purchase (1853) meant to secure southern route  Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) meant to secure northern route organized remaining territory on basis of popular sovereignty Explicitly repealed Missouri Compromise Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

8. Bleeding Kansas Abolitionist & proslavery forces race to populate Kansas & write state constitution  Both sides stage terrorist attacks  Jayhawks led by John Brown responsible for Pottawatomie Massacre Congressman Preston Brooks savagely beat Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate (1856)

9. The Election of 1856 Democrats nominate Ambassador James Buchanan Southern Whigs & Know- Nothings form American Party – nominate Fillmore Northern Whigs & Free Soilers form new Republican Party – nominate Fremont Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

10. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Dred Scott was slave of Army doctor – had lived in free state & territory Chief Justice Roger Taney:  African Americans cannot be citizens, state laws to the contrary  Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional  Any attempt to limit slavery in territories (even by territorial legislature) unconstitutional Dred Scott

11. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates Buchanan backed fraudulent pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution (1858) Douglas opposed – declared “Freeport Doctrine” in debates with Lincoln  Dred Scott ruling must be respected  Territories could still bar slavery by failing to pass necessary laws Lincoln pointed out inherent contradiction

12. John Brown’s Body Brown was Connecticut native with apocalyptic vision Led raid on federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, VA to start slave rebellion Convicted of treason against Commonwealth of Virginia & executed Became martyr to abolitionists The arraignment of John Brown

13. Election of 1860: The Candidates Southern Democrats:  Nominated John Breckenridge  Platform called for slave code for territories Northern Democrats:  Nominated Stephen Douglas  Platform endorsed Freeport Doctrine Republicans:  Nominated Abraham Lincoln  Platform denounced slavery but also Brown’s raid Constitutional Union party:  Nominated John Bell  No platform

14. 1860 Political Cartoon

15. Secession Defense of secession based on 2 arguments:  State sovereignty preceded national sovereignty  Right of revolution because gov’t no longer protecting property rights CSA constitutional convention met in Montgomery, Ala. Feb. 4, 1861  Mostly copied U.S. Constitution  Emphasized states’ rights  Guaranteed protection of slavery Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

16. Northern Responses Buchanan denounced secession as unconstit- utional, but said it couldn’t be stopped by force  Blamed it on Republicans  Called for obedience to Fugitive Slave law, amendment to protect slavery & annexation of Cuba Lincoln said revolution was only a “moral right when exercised for a morally justifiable cause” Radical Republicans preferred peaceful separation to any further compromises

17. Last-Ditch Compromise Attempts Crittenden Compromise in Senate offered 6 unrepealable amendments House proposed 3 compromises:  Admitting New Mexico as slave state  Resolution calling for obedience to Fugitive Slave law & repeal of personal liberty laws  13 th Amendment to guarantee slavery against any future interference

18. Escaping Slavery 500,000 slaves crossed Union lines during war 1 st Confiscation Act (Aug. 1861) allowed seizure of slaves used directly by rebel military Military often welcomed refugees as “contrabands,” & used them for labor or servants Congress abolished slavery in territories & D.C. in spring 1862 2 nd Confiscation Act (July 1862) freed all slaves owned by rebels, but poorly written and unenforceable Refugees crossing Rappahannock, 1862

19. The Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln held off on emancipation for 4 reasons:  Needed border state support  Wanted Democrats’ support  Afraid it would prolong war by strengthening Southern will to fight  Total emancipation required constitutional amendment Emancipation Proclamation (Sept. 22, 1862; Jan. 1, 1863) freed all slaves in rebel territories Pres. Lincoln & Cabinet Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation

20. Fighting for Freedom Militia Act (July 1862) allowed blacks to join army, but in segregated units with white officers  Over 179,000 African Americans served in army; 130,000 from slave states (100,000 escaped slaves)  Over 38,000 died (higher proportion than whites) 10,000 served in navy (almost 25% of naval forces)

21. 54 th Massachusetts Regiment First all-black Union regiment Gov. John Andrew sought support from white & black abolitionists  Robert Gould Shaw was 25-year-old son of prominent abolitionists  2 of Frederick Douglass’ sons enlisted Black soldiers paid $10/month, $3 less than white counterparts Led assault on Battery Wagner in Charleston, SC on July 18, 1863  Suffered 272 casualties; Gould killed  Attack failed – rebels abandoned fort Sept. 6 Col. Robert Gould Shaw Sgt. Henry Stewart

22. 54 th Massachusetts Regiment Remembered