1. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Assist. Professor Dr. A. PAPAYANNIS Lasers and Applications Laboratory National Technical University of Athens, Greece MONITORING OF SUSPENDED AEROSOL PARTICLES AND TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BY THE LASER REMOTE SENSING (LIDAR) TECHNIQUE: A CONTRIBUTION TO DEVELOP TOOLS ASSISTING DECISION MAKERS

2. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Why Aerosols? Aerosols have important effects on human life: -Aerosols can be toxic, by composition or by structure (size or shape) -cause r espiratory and blood circulation problems Aerosols have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate: -Ecosystems are affected by significant mass transport of aerosols - Aerosols affect the earth’s Climate (radiative budget)  cooling / warming effects according to aerosol composition  Climate Forcing

3. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Why tropospheric ozone? High ozone concentrations have important effects on Ecosystems and Climate: Phyto-toxicity - Phyto-toxicity - Global warming effects (earth’s thermal & radiative budget) - plays a key role in photochemistry of the troposphere (oxydant agent, primary source of OH - ) Health effects of ozone: -O 3 can irritate the respiratory system -O 3 can reduce lung function -O 3 can aggravate asthma -O 3 can inflame and damage the lining of the lung -O 3 may aggravate chronic lung diseases (emphysema, bronchitis) -O 3 makes people more sensitive to allergens that cause asthma attacks WHO: O 3 should not exceed 120μg/m 3 over 8-hours

4. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Sources of aerosols: a) Natural sources (sand storms, desert dust, volcanoes, forest fires, DMS etc.) b) Anthropogenic sources (combustion processes, industrial activities, biomass burning etc.) -They travel over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions and their size -Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)

5. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Sources of ozone: a)Natural sources (biogenic emissions from forests, stratospheric intrusions) b) Anthropogenic sources (photochemical formation: biomass burning, car traffic, industrial emissions, etc.) -Ozone travels over long distances depending on the meteorological conditions -Residence time in the troposphere (few days - few weeks)

6. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece The Laser Remote Sensing (LIDAR) Technique

7. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Telescope Signal Acquisition system P.C. Atmosphere Detectors LASERLASER The LIDAR Technique

8. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Ground-based Airborne Platforms

9. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Space-borne Platforms

10. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Advantages of the LIDAR technique: - Provides vertical profiles of air pollutants concentration (aerosols (PM), ozone, SO 2, NO 2, benzene, toluene, etc.) from ground up to 7-8 km, to combine with long-range transport studies and to perform identification of air pollution source regions - Very high temporal (~ 1 min.) and spatial resolution (~15 m) - Active remote sensing technique - Provides 2- or 3-dimensional concentration maps over an area - Combines perfectly well with conventional ground air pollution sensors (chemical analyzers, DOAS)

11. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosol Measurements

12. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosols Measurements Aerosol Measurements

13. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosols Measurements Aerosol Measurements

14. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosols Measurements Aerosol Measurements

15. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosols Measurements Aerosol Measurements NASA-EP/TOMS Aerosol Index 31.08.00

16. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece

19. Forest fires over Ukraine

20. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Biomass burning activities in Africa (TRACE A)

21. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Space-borne measurements (LITE Experiment) (1994)

22. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Aerosol Source Regions: - Forest fires - Industrial emissions - Desert dust aerosols

23. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Ozone Measurements

24. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Ozone Measurements (Paris, France, 1988)

25. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece

27. Past Satellite missions

28. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Future Satellite sensors

29. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Develop tools to assist decision makers How the LIDAR technique can help ? Monitoring of air pollution and study the atmospheric structure (combine Lidars, DOAS, Chem. Analyzers, satellite data, etc.) Location of air pollution source regions (2-D maps) in combination with meteorological data information Use air pollution and meteorological data as input to Atmospheric Chemistry Models (explore different scenarios in short- and long-range)  Propose novel air pollution abatement strategies

30. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece 1. Systematic monitoring of air pollution sources (industrial, domestic, car traffic, power plants, etc.), 2. Application of severe penalties for polluting industries, 3. Reduce air pollutants of industrial origin (SO 2, ΝΟ Χ, PM, etc.) using novel filtering technologies, 4. Improve and extend Public Transportation means, 5. Improve the car traffic circulation in urban areas and adopt clean cars technology, Main focus: Reduce air pollutants emissions !

31. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece 6. Use of renewable energy resources for production of electricity, 7. Use natural gas in transportation and industry, 8. Increase the public green and forest areas, 9. Develop infrastructure for alternative transportation (ie. bicycles). 10. Reduce domestic wastes (use of recyclable material) and apply energy saving techniques.

32. AREHNA Workshop-Mobility and Health, 3-6 May 2003, Kos, Greece Acknowledgements: EARLINET was financed by the European Union Environment Programme Contract: EVR1-CT1999-40003 Satellite images (NASA, SeaWiFS)