1. Catholic Reformation Catholics too recognized need for reform Catholics too recognized need for reform Some reform movements pre-dated Luther Some reform movements pre-dated Luther Questions debated on the Catholic side Questions debated on the Catholic side HOW to conduct reform HOW to conduct reform WHAT to reform WHAT to reform Major outcomes Major outcomes More education More education For priests: create seminaries For priests: create seminaries For laity: more schools (e.g., by Jesuits) For laity: more schools (e.g., by Jesuits) Require better conduct of clergy Require better conduct of clergy Define beliefs (doctrine) as distinct from Protestants Define beliefs (doctrine) as distinct from Protestants Reaffirm authority of bishops and clergy Reaffirm authority of bishops and clergy Art, architecture, missions, war Art, architecture, missions, war

2. Council of Trent (1545-63) Highpoint of Catholic reform Highpoint of Catholic reform Three convocations (1545-48; 1551-52; 1562-63) Three convocations (1545-48; 1551-52; 1562-63) 25 sessions 25 sessions Biggest council in history for defining Catholic doctrine and practice Biggest council in history for defining Catholic doctrine and practice Addressed both doctrine (beliefs) and reform (actions) Addressed both doctrine (beliefs) and reform (actions) Canons are the legal “teeth” Canons are the legal “teeth”

3. Justification Justification: being made right with God Justification: being made right with God Sin = separation from God, neighbor Sin = separation from God, neighbor Sin is a break in relationship; violation of command to love God and neighbor Sin is a break in relationship; violation of command to love God and neighbor Grace (God’s help) is necessary for justification Grace (God’s help) is necessary for justification Justification is “translation” from state of sin to state of grace; baptism is the means Justification is “translation” from state of sin to state of grace; baptism is the means Trent takes middle ground position Trent takes middle ground position Between Protestants and pre-Reformation beliefs (indulgences, etc.) Between Protestants and pre-Reformation beliefs (indulgences, etc.)

4. Article 5 First, God’s predisposing grace is necessary First, God’s predisposing grace is necessary This process cannot start with human actions This process cannot start with human actions But, human cooperation is also necessary But, human cooperation is also necessary So, neither does a person do nothing for justification, nor can s/he start the process without first being moved by God’s grace So, neither does a person do nothing for justification, nor can s/he start the process without first being moved by God’s grace QUESTION: What does this mean?? QUESTION: What does this mean??

5. What is salvation? Forgiveness of sins AND Forgiveness of sins AND Being made holy (sanctification); inner renewal Being made holy (sanctification); inner renewal It is not enough simply to be considered just, but people have to be MADE just It is not enough simply to be considered just, but people have to be MADE just This happens not just through faith (as Luther says), but through charity (love) This happens not just through faith (as Luther says), but through charity (love)

6. Comparing Luther and Trent Adult in state of sin Adult in state of sin Works do not earn salvation Works do not earn salvation need grace need grace Christ offers his righteousness Christ offers his righteousness received in faith (trusting God’s promise) received in faith (trusting God’s promise) Justification is being considered just, which then frees one to love God and neighbor Justification is being considered just, which then frees one to love God and neighbor Consequence: do works out of love Consequence: do works out of love Adult in state of sin Adult in state of sin cannot earn (merit) grace cannot earn (merit) grace need “predisposing grace” need “predisposing grace” Christ calls sinner; Christ merits justification Christ calls sinner; Christ merits justification cooperate with grace cooperate with grace Justification is forgiveness and being made holy through love Justification is forgiveness and being made holy through love Consequence: cooperate with grace and do more good works Consequence: cooperate with grace and do more good works

7. For next time Read autobiography (selections) of Ignatius of Loyola Read autobiography (selections) of Ignatius of Loyola On electronic reserve; password is “modern” On electronic reserve; password is “modern” Founder of Jesuits Founder of Jesuits What are the pivotal turning points in his life? How do they happen? What are the pivotal turning points in his life? How do they happen? What are your favorite details of the story? What are your favorite details of the story?