1. Oceanography Final Exam Review: The Answers

2. 1. Chronometer Accurate maritime clock Invented by John Harrison 1735

3. 2. What contributions did the Chinese make to sailing?
MOST IMPORTANT = compass 2

4. 3. Latitude and Longitude in the N Hemisphere
Calculated by…
Latitude: measuring the angle between the horizon and the north star
Longitude: knowing the difference between local time and Greenwich mean-time
3, 4

5. 4. Describe the purpose of the Challenger Expedition.
It was the first expedition devoted entirely to marine science 5

6. 5. Define the 4 major categories of oceanography.
Physical: Study of Waves, Currents, and Tides Geological: Study of Ocean Rocks, Sediment, & Volcanic Activity Chemical: Study of Water Chemistry Biological: Study of Ocean Life / Marine Biology 6

7. 6. Who was the father of physical oceanography?
Matthew Maury 7

8. 7. Life Style Groups PLANKTON BENTHOS NEKTON
Microscopic floating organisms, some photosynthesize and some eat other organisms
BENTHOS
Organisms that live on the ocean bottom, some can move and some are stationary
NEKTON
Organisms that can swim, includes many vertebrate animals and some invertebrates like squid
8, 9, 76

9. 8. Light in the Ocean
PHOTIC
APHOTIC
ABYSSAL 10

10. 9. What is taxonomy?
Grouping organisms together and determining their relationships 22

11. 10. What are some ways taxonomy is useful?
identifies the relationship between organisms
requires that key characteristics be defined for each organism
helps to avoid confusion 11

12. 11. Who created the current classification system?
Carolus Linneaus 17

13. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What groups are in this system? How can you remember them in order from largest to smallest?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
D –ear
K –ing
P –hillip
C –ame
O –ver
F –or
G –reat
S -paghetti
13, 15, 19

14. 14. Examples of scientific names.
Genus species Homo sapien (HUMANS) Felis catus (DOMESTIC CAT) Canis familiaris (DOMESTIC DOG) Ursus americanus (BLACK BEAR)

15. 15-19. Characteristics of the Kingdoms
Animalia (multicellular, heterotrophic)
Dog
Plantae (multicellular, autotrophic)
Daisy
Archaea (unicellular, autotrophic)
Extremophiles
Eubacteria (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)
E. Coli
Protista (unicellular, auto&hetero-trophic)
Algae, Kelp
16, 18, 20, 24

16. 20. Dichotomous Key
Purpose: Helps with identifying organisms based on appearance Answers: 1. Peacock Flounder 2. Spotted Goat Fish 3. Glassy Sweeper 4. Squirrel Fish 5. Spotted Eagle Ray 6. Band-tail Puffer 7. Spotted Moray Eel 8. Glass-Eye Snapper 9. Trumpet Fish

17. 21. Phylogeny
Different from taxonomy because it groups organisms based on similar characteristics instead of ancestral relationships 22

18. 22. What is it called when an organism is able to produce light?
Bioluminescence 23

19. 23. Phytoplankton Plankton that generate energy through photosynthesis38

20. 24. Echolocation
It is a series of high-pitched clicks and whistles used by whales and dolphins for communication 39

21. 25. What is a cephalopod?
Squid and Octopi Means: “head” – “foot” 26

22. 26. Sea Sponge Benthic Marine Invertebrate
Called “filter of the sea” because it is porous and feeds via filter-feeding 34

23. 27. Bivalvia Clams and Oysters Marine Invertebrates with 2-half shells35

24. 28. Crustacea
Crabs and Lobsters
Hard Exoskeleton, segmented bodies 36

25. 29. Echinodermata
Marine invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins
Have radial symmetry (same no matter which way you cut it)
37, 80

26. Sharks
30. Chordata ; Nekton 31. Cartilaginous 32. Large, fatty organ used to help sharks float 33. Hunting sharks eat dolphin, seal, and squid ; peaceful sharks eat plankton/algae 34. Valuable for soup in some Asian countries 35. Sharks are slow-growing to maturity and have few offspring 36. Sharks have skeletons of cartilage instead of bone, they give birth to live offspring instead of lay eggs, dermal denticles instead of scales, and fatty liver instead of swim bladder
27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 83

27. 37. Freshwater and Saltwater40

28. 38. H2O Molecule - 82

29. 39. What is a polar molecule?
Molecules with a positive end and a negative ends 41

30. 40. What type of bonds hold water molecules together?
Covalent

31. 41. What are the 5 Key Properties of Water?
Cohesion/Adhesion (water sticks to itself, and other objects)
Surface Tension (insect can walk on water)
Viscosity (water resists motion)
Liquid Water (exists as liquid not gas at room temp)
Ice Floats (solid is less dense than liquid)
43, 48

32. 42. What factors will affect the way sound moves through seawater?
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure 45

33. 43. Salinity
The measurement of dissolved solids in seawater Measured in PPT (parts per thousand) Average salinity of ocean = 35
46, 47

34. 44. Where does the salt in the ocean originate from?
Salt is washed into the ocean from sources on the land 54

35. pH
Basic
45. Acids and Bases, Concentration of ions in a liquid 46. Neutral = 7 (pure water) 47. Optimal for living things = 6-8
50, 51, 52

36. 48. Density
D = M/V the measure of how compact a substance is per unit area 49

37. 49. Why is water considered the universal solvent?
Because of its ability to dissolve most substances 53

38. 50. Why is the Earth “unevenly heated” by the Sun?
Due to its…
rotation
tilt
imperfect shape 55

39. 51. What are convection currents?
Air currents that cause polar air to sink and equatorial air to rise 56

40. 52. Winds blow from regions of _________ pressure to regions of __________ pressure.
From regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure 57

41. 53. What is the Coriolis Effect and why is it important?
Phenomenon caused by the rotation of Earth that leads to: Northern Hemisphere: Clockwise Southern Hemisphere: Counter-clockwise Effects the paths in which winds/currents move 78

42. 54. Earth’s Atmosphere
About 70-78% Nitrogen 58

43. 55. Role of Trade Winds and Surface Currents on Exploration
Created “paths” for sailing ships, expeditions followed the winds/currents
Gyres provided “round trip” transport
60, 81

44. 56. World Gyres 59
GYRE: intersection of ocean currents that creates a circular pattern of water flow

45. 57. What causes surface currents to form?
Wind 57

46. 58. Thermohaline Circulation
Caused by differences in density related to salinity and temperature
Creates deep ocean currents 62