2. The English of minorities in the USA and dialect groups English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey

3. Syllabus 1.Chicano English 2.Jewish English 3.Native American English 4.Appalachian English 5.Ocracoke English 6.Dialects of the Mid-West English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey

4. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Chicano English Presenters: Arianne Mansiamina, Huong Pham, Tina Pham, Dirk van der Smissen

5. Table of Contents 1.What does Chicano mean? 2.Historical Aspects 3.Chicano Dialect 4.Sources and Literature English in the US and Canada Chicano English

6. 1. What does Chicano mean? Chicano is a cultural identity used by people of Mexican descent in the USA Refers to a second- or third-generation Mexican American, who have a community on their own in the US. No clear etymology of the term Chicano. Might be a contraction of Mexicano. English in the US and Canada Chicano English

7. 2. Historical aspects History of Mexican-Americans is about 400 years of moving from region to region Once they lived in those states which formerly belonged to Mexico: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas English in the US and Canada Chicano English

8. English in the US and Canada Chicano English

9. Nowadays these regions are part of the U.S., because of the Mexican-American war The Mexican-American war was from 1846 to 1848. After the war, Mexico sold some Mexican territories to the U.S. California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas became part of the U.S. English in the US and Canada Chicano English

10. Mexican Americans began to create communities in Chicago and other steel producing region during World War I. Large Mexican immigration in the US after the Mexican Revolution in 1910 English in the US and Canada Chicano English

11. Many of them live now in the area of Los Angeles The Hispanic population in L.A. is about 40% of the whole population English in the US and Canada Chicano English

12. English in the US and Canada Chicano English

13. 3. Chicano Dialect 1. Multiple negation: speech feature which is prominent in Black English as well as Chicano English “My four years I spend there I did not learn nothing” 2. Non-Standard verb forms: use of past participle forms instead of simple past verb forms: “I seen almost all his movies” for “I saw” English in the US and Canada Chicano English

14. 3. Embedded question inversion: “I ask myself what would I do without a friend” for “what I would do” 4.Differing use of the comparative: In Chicano speech “more” is used instead of “more often”: “They use more Spanish” for “They use Spanish more often” 5.Lexical Pairs of Chicano English: I an a, thing and think, will and would and want and won’t are homophonous in Chicano English English in the US and Canada Chicano English

15. Examples: “They made I lot of parties” for “..a lot of parties” “My parents gave me a moral and education, and I know that doing this a would hurt my parents” for“…I would hurt my parents” English in the US and Canada Chicano English

16. Any questions? English in the US and Canada Chicano English

17. 4. Sources & Literature English in the US and Canada Chicano English

18. Thanks for your attention!! English in the US and Canada Chicano English

19. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Jewish English Producers: Anastasia Nikolaeva (HS/TN), Frauke Skrobaschewsky (HS/LN), Katharina Zill (HS/LN)

20. Table of contents 1. History 2. Today in the United States 3. Grammar and Vocabulary 4. Conclusion 5. Sources and Literature English in the US and Canada Jewish English

21. 1. History 19th century: large group of Jews emigrated to the United States  2.5 Million between 1877 and 1917 in 1870 the Jewish population was about 250.000 the language they brought with them was Yiddish  developed among German speaking Jews in the middle ages English in the US and Canada Jewish English

22. 2. Today in the United States hundreds of thousands of Jews speak Jewish varieties of English influences of Yiddish, textual Hebrew and modern Hebrew 2 different types: 1) general English with an addition of just a few Hebrew or Yiddish words (e.g. Hanukah), 2) multiple influences from Yiddish in syntax, lexicon and phonology English in the US and Canada Jewish English

23. Orthodox Jewish English includes hundreds of loan words from Hebrew and Yiddish  to express the elements that characterize traditional Jewish life e.g. “mame“ = mother “rebe“ = teacher English in the US and Canada Jewish English

24. 3. Grammar and vocabulary in general, the grammar of Jewish English is English grammar English is used to set the sentence structure; Yiddish, Hebrew or Aramaic words are used to fill in the blanks  “We must practice Ahavoh not Sinoh; We must build Yiddishkeit, not destroy it“ (Ahavoh = love, Sinoh = hate, Yiddishkeit = Judaism) English in the US and Canada Jewish English

25. words of non-English origin being given plurals and verb tenses inconsistent with their language of origin  “Yeshiva” becomes “Yeshivas”, not “Yeshivot” some verbs (especially Hebrew) are often treated as participles and inflected by English auxiliary verbs  “He was moide that he was wrong” = He admitted that he was wrong English in the US and Canada Jewish English

26. loanwords are replaced by the Yiddish diminutive –ie or –y  “kepele” (= small head) changes into “keppy” it is common in Ashkenazie English to attach English suffixes to Yiddish words  “Yeke” or “Yeki” (= German Jew) changes into the adjective “Yekish” and the noun “Yekishness” English in the US and Canada Jewish English

27. set phrases transferred from Yiddish with “make” and “say”: “make shabes” = prepare for the Sabbath, “say kaddish” = recite regularly the mourner’s prayer Jewish English vocabulary is primarily drawn from English but also includesterms from Hebrew, Yiddish and Aramaic. Example: the preposition ‘by’ can be used in JE as in “I ate by my brother last night.” English in the US and Canada Jewish English

28. 4. Conclusion Jewish English is considered as the most widespread Jewish language of today. Question: Is it a JL in the same sense as Tsarfatic (“Judeo-French), Italkic (“Judeo-Italian“) and Yavanic (“Judeo-Greek“)? Needs more time to develop itself into an own language. English in the US and Canada Jewish English

29. 5. Sources & Literature English in the US and Canada Jewish English

30. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Native American English Presenters: Nils Jäkel, Frauke Knop, Thomas Leukel, Kathrin Nellessen, Markus Stein

31. Table of Contents 1. Cultural Areas 2.1 Indigenous Language Families 2.2 Navajo Example 3.Phonologic Features and Grammar 4.Language Influences 5.Sources and Literature Native American English English in the US and Canada

32. Culture and Language Differentiation between language and culture areas necessary Cultural areas represent the environment and special American Indian life-style Language areas only partly correspond to the cultural regions  language contact and language influence Native American English English in the US and Canada

33. 1. Cultural Areas 1. New South West 2. The Eastern Timberland 3. The South-East 4. The Plains 5. California and the Great Basin 6. The Plateau-Region 7. The Subarctic 8. The North-West Coast 9. The Arctic Native American English English in the US and Canada

34. New Southwest situated in Arizona, New Mexico and Southern Colorado + Sonora, Chilhuahua (Mexico) tribes: Pueblo, Navajo, Havasupai, Mojave Native American English English in the US and Canada

35. New Southwest Native American English English in the US and Canada special features: hunting, collected plants, lived in storeyed stone or houses built with clay, but also in smaller villages near their fields (summer), trade with other tribes, irrigation plant

36. Eastern Woodland tribes: Iroquois, Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Menominee, Illinois special features: hunting, agriculture, fishing Native American English English in the US and Canada

37. The South-East North of the Golf of Mexico and South of the American middle-atlantic states extends from Atlantic Coast to Central Texas Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chicasaw, Creek, Seminoles Native American English English in the US and Canada special features: founding of towns and public places, mechanic commerce

38. The Great Plains Native American English English in the US and Canada extends from the steppe- areas of Central-Canada to Mexico and from the Middle-West to the Rocky Mountains Tribes: Blackfoot, Mandan, Hidatsa, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Shoshone, Comanche special features: typical feather-woven cloaks, tipi (Sioux name for house), sacred pipe, costumes and dances

39. California and the Great Basin situated in the mountain ranges and valleys of Utah, Nevada and California Tribes: Paiute, Ute, Shoshone, Klamath, Modoc, Maidu, Pomo, Miwok, Wintun special features: thatched houses, trade (basketwork, fishing-trade, shell- money Native American English English in the US and Canada

40. Plateau-Region Tribes: Nez Perce, Walla Walla, Yakima, Umatilla, Flathead, Spokane, Okanagon, Cayuse, Kootenai situated in the evergreen woods and mountain-ranges of Idaho, Eastern Oregon and Washington as well as Western Montana and Canada special features: fishing-trade, living in villages with houses (winter) and in cottages being covered with mats (summer) Native American English English in the US and Canada

41. The Sub-Arctic region encloses the largest part of Canada and reaches from the Atlantic Ocean to the mountain-ranges at the Pacific as well as from the tundra-region down to 300 miles away from the American-Canadian border tribes: Cree, Ojibwa, Montagnais, Chippewa, Kutchin, special features: no agriculture, hunting, fishing Native American English English in the US and Canada

42. The North-West Coast encloses the West Coast of North-America and reaches from Southern Alaska to Northern Califonia tribes: Tlingit, Nootka, Chinook, Salish, Makah, special featueres: rich food supply  high populousness, living in big villages with huge framehouses, families had slaves, trade with North Asia, famous with wood carvings Native American English English in the US and Canada

43. The Arctic region Tribes: Eskimo special features: no agriculture, fishing, whaling, living in tents (summer) and insulated soil-houses (winter) houses made of blocks of ice (Canada), low population Native American English English in the US and Canada

44. Native American English English in the US and Canada

45. 2.1 Indigenous Language Families 363,995* speakers of Native American languages In total there were 296 native American languages, of which 269 are grouped in 27 language families (the other languages are isolated or unclassified) Less than half of them are still used today Many languages have only a few speakers left (*Source: Adapted from B. Grimes (1996). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Dallas: SIL International. Updated February 1999 at www.sil.org/ethnologue)www.sil.org/ethnologue Native American English English in the US and Canada

46. 2.1 Indigenous Language Families Uto-Aztecan (~1,95 million) –Oregon, Idaho, Utah, California, Nevada, Arizona  Today mostly in Mexico Hopi (5,264 Arizona, Utah, New Mexico) Tubatulabal (6 California) Numic (subfamily) -Comanche (864 Oklahoma) -Shoshoni (2,284 Nevada, Idaho, Wyoming) Native American English English in the US and Canada

47. 2.1 Indigenous Language Families Nadene (180,200) –Arizona, New Mexico (mostly Navajo) Navajo (148,530) Dene (4000 Canada, Alaska) Eyak (one survivor) Native American English English in the US and Canada

48. 2.1 Indigenous Language Families Algic (?) –From the Rocky Mountains to New England Algonquian (subfamily) –Cheyenne (1,721 Montana) –Blackfoot (1,062 Montana –Arapaho (1,038 Wyoming, Oklahoma) Yurok (10 California) Extinct –Wiyot Native American English English in the US and Canada

49. 2.2 Navajo Example My name is Regina. I am 22 years old and am a student at the Navajo Community College. My clans are the Yucca Fruit Clan. My maternal clan is Under-His-Cover Clan, my paternal clan is Red-Streaking-Into-The-Water- Clan. I am originally from the town of Rock Point. I am presently studying three majors. To me, what's important in Navajo culture is my being Navajo. I am very proud to be an Indian and a Navajo. I believe we are special because we are a 'one of a kind' tribe, just like every other tribe. We have our clan systems. We also have our four worlds to support us. We know who we are today and who we want to become in the future. We know our roots - who our grandfathers and grandmothers were. They have gone through a lot of trouble for us, such as the Long Walk and the many other hardships they have faced. (…) Native American English English in the US and Canada

50. 2.2 Navajo Example (…) I really like being Navajo because of who they made me. Through the clans I am who I am today through the lives of my mother and my father, my forefathers and my grandmothers and grandfathers. If it wasn't for them I wouldn't be here right now.I want to be there for somebody in my future. I am responsible for my own future. The Navajo people have a unique outline for life. It starts with the thinking process to the east, the planning process to the south, the living, action process to the west and the satisfaction and evaluation process which is to the north. Everything we do is clockwise. We don't go backwards. The four sacred mountains we live between are very sacred to us. Native American English English in the US and Canada

51. Film Scene

52. 3. Phonologic Features There are no features that can only be found in Native American Language There is a big phonologic variety in Native American Languages Consonants: –Retroflex Consonants in Pomo or Yuman –Velar Nasals Consonants ( /η/ as in BE “hang”) in Yuman or Athabeskin Languages –Lateral Affricatives in Sahaptin and Wakashan English in the US and Canada Native American English

53. 3. Phonologic Features Vocals: –Voiced Vocals in Cheyenne or Hopi –Nasal Vocals (like in French ‘bon‘) in Sioux or Cherokee Tonal accents: –e.g. Cherokee, Mohican, Arapaho or some Pomo dialects. English in the US and Canada Native American English

54. 3. Grammar Just like in Native American Phonology, there is a big variety in Native American Grammar Word Order in a sentence: –There is no general order, the position of subject, verb and object in a sentence may vary from one language to the next He táku hwo? - What is that? Nitúktetanhan hwo? - Where are you from?  Interrogative Pronoun “hwo” English in the US and Canada Native American English

55. The rules of syntax which apply to the Lakota language will leave you somewhat puzzled. I will give you a few basic rules and an example to try get you started. When using time expressions, place it first in the sentence: The woman goes to town everyday. Anpetu iyohilawinyan kin le otonwahe ta ye. day each woman the this one town goes. When using articles with nouns, place them after the noun as above. (woman the this one) 3. Grammar English in the US and Canada Native American English

56. Wanbláke. - I saw. (Simple Past – the personal pronoun melts with the verb) ) Unyúhapi. - We had. Ínipi hwo? - Are you full? (irregular verb – to be) Ímapi yélo. - I'm full. Inánjinyo. - Stand up. (Imperative) Wanjí. – One. (numbers) Nápa - Hand Horse (though they didn‘t know horses until Europeans introduced them to the Great Plain Natives) 3. Grammar English in the US and Canada Native American English

57. 3. Grammar Grammatical features : –Dualism in Cherokee or Sioux –Causal systems Wakashan or Algonkin –Inclusive/exclusive ‘we’ in Shoshone, Blackfoot or Cheyenne –Verbal affixes in Karok (pa- as a prefix for ‘oral’) or Haida –Countable/ uncountable objects in Menominee, Salish or Tlingit English in the US and Canada Native American English

58. 3. Social and Cultural Features of Language Speech use and speech behavior according to male/female speakers in Muskogee or Atsina Ritual language in Cherokee or Quechua Trade languages: a mixture of different language; reduced in words and grammatical features (Wawa, Mobilian, Delaware Trade Language) English in the US and Canada Native American English

59. 3. Written Language Writing Systems: developed in North America only after the arrival of European settlers. –Writing based on Syllables: every symbol stands for one sound (Cherokee, Inuit or Micmac) English in the US and Canada Native American English

60. 4. Language Contact Language Contact enables members of different tribes communication  diffusion, sharing features of semantic, grammatical and phonological structure Two types of language contact: 1)Contact of two or more American Native Languages 2)Contact of an indigenous language with a European one English in the US and Canada Native American English

61. 4. Contact between Native Languages Extensive bilingualism and borrowing within indigenous language groups already known in prehistoric times During times of peace: Trade: language as a means of communication in order to exchange goods During times of war: Treaties: in order to make compromises and establish new rules and introduce new orders  Reason why there‘s no fixed grammatical system in one language English in the US and Canada Native American English

62. 4. Contact with European Languages European language contact accompanied by massive forcible conquest, exploitation and ethnocide/ genocide Language of the White is the dominant means of communication  American Natives have to use the dominant language English in the US and Canada Native American English

63. 4. Foreign Influences Native Loan Words Mostly names for animals, plants and places, such as: –Conneticut (Mohacian) –Kajak or Kayak (Inuit) –Skunk (Algonkin) –Tomato (Náhuatl) –Puma (Quechua) –Squash (a vegetable) –Abalone (shellfish from Costanoan, California) English in the US and Canada Native American English

64. 4. Sources & Literature Internet Sources: www.americanindians.com www.nativeamericans.com Literature: Leap, William L.: „American Indian English“, 1993 Salt Lake City. Seboek, Thomas: „Native Languages of the Americas“, 1976 New York. Zeisberger, David: „Zeisberger‘s Indian Dictionary“, 1982 Harvard (Reprint). English in the US and Canada Native American English

65. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Appalachian English Producers: Ben Brieger, Negar Hossein, Antonio Gerhard Presenter: Daniel Glaubitz

66. Table of Contents 1.The Appalachian Region 2.Dialect areas in the Great Lake Region 3.Appalachian English – General Information 4.Appalachian – Lexicon 5.Practical Examples 6.Sample Vocabulary 7.Linguistic features of the personal dative 8.Pronouns and Demonstratives 9.Sources & Literature English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

67. 1. The Appalachian Region English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

68. 2. Dialect areas in the Great Lake Region Appalachian English is the common name for the Southern Midland dialect of American English Appalachia: area from the state of New York to Alabama, that surrounds the Appalachian Mountains The dialect is spoken in Southern West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, Eastern Kentucky, the upper Potomac and Shenandoah Valleys of Virginia, East Tennessee, and Western North Carolina Approximately 23 mio speakers of the Appalachian dialect English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

69. 3. Appalachian English General Information Used most often or most characteristically when discussing cuisine, in storytelling, or when discussing native industries as coal mining or forestry Speakers of Appalachian English do not adapt themselves; therefore often considered as lazy and indifferent; for them understanding standard American English is rather easy, vice versa speakers of other dialects have a hard time understanding Appalachian English English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

70. 3. Appalachian English General Information The dialect is archaic  English speakers who settled in the areas of the Upper Midwest had immigrated from West Anglia, the Scottish Low- Lands, Wales, Ireland, and Northern Ireland and Scotland in the late 18th and early 19th century since then they have isolated themselves from the mainstream of American life for generations so they use old speech forms which have fallen out of fashion; there is still the myth that Appalachian sounds like Shakespearian English English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

71. 4. Appalachians – Lexicon: The Appalachian dialect is mostly oral but can also be found in writing old-fashioned folk flavor seems more likely to be an caricature of the speech of mountain folk some rural expressions Examples: Hidy (= hello) >> a blending of „hi“ and „howdy“ Ever (= every) >> „Everwhere“, „ever direction“, „everway“ and so on English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

72. 5. A few examples of the practical use: 1) Sometimes the past participle of a strong verb such as "do" is used in place of the past tense. For example, "I done it already" instead of "I did it already" or in the case of the verb "see," "I seen" instead of "I saw." 2) "Went" is often used instead of "gone" as the past participle of the verb "to go." She had went to Ashland. Less frequently, "gone" is used as the simple past tense. I gone down to the meeting, but wasn't nobody there. 3) "Done" is used with the past tense (or a past participle commonly used as a past tense, such as "gone") to express action just completed, as in, "I done went/gone to the store". English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

73. 4) Some English strong verbs are occasionally conjugated as weak verbs in Appalachian English, i.e. "knowed," and "seed." Most speakers of Appalachian English do not use these forms, however, as they indicate the lowest level of social prestige. 5) The construction "don't...no" is used with transitive verbs to indicate the negative, i.e. "He don't know no better." This is commonly referred to as the double negative, and is either negative or emphatically negative, never positive. "None" is often used in place of "any," as in "I don't have none." 6) The future perfect is all but nonexistent English in the US and Canada Appalachian English 5. A few examples of the practical use:

74. 6. Sample Vocabulary Backer: chewing tobacco. Want a chew of backer? Buggy: shopping cart. Get me that buggy, and make sure it don't have no broken wheel. Poke: paper bag. Get me a poke of Red Man. Chaw: chewing tobacco. Chaw comes three ways: a poke, a twist, or a plug. Plug: a quid of tobacco. That boy done slobbered all on my plug. Blinds: window shades. Open them blinds and let some sunshine in! English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

75. 7. Linguistic features of the personal dative Use of non-reflexive pronouns (you, me etc.) in certain cases for the second occurence of a single referent within the same clause: Examples: 1.I‘d go out and cut me a limb off of a tree, get me a good straight one. 2.We had us a cabin, built us a log cabin back over there. 3.And then you‘d get you a bowl of ice-water. English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

76. 8. Pronouns and Demonstratives "Them" is sometimes used in place of "those" as a demonstrative in both nominative and oblique constructions. Examples: 1. Them are the pants I want 2. Give me some of them crackers." Oblique forms of the personal pronouns are used as nominative when more than one is used (cf. French moi et toi). For example: Me and him are real good buddies is said instead of He and I are really good friends. English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

77. 4. Sources & Literature Internet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_English http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_English Trudgill, Peter/ Chambers, J.K. Dialects of English, Longman Group, Essex/UK 1991 Viereck, Wolfgang/ Viereck, Karin/ Ramisch, Heinrich, dtv-Atlas Englische Sprache, Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, München 2002 English in the US and Canada Appalachian English

78. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Ocracoke English Presenters: Magdalena Mierzwinska (GS TN), Michelle Keppel (GS TN), Yeliz Özdogan (HS TN)

79. Table of Contents 1. Introduction: Settlement and Language 2. History 3. Linguistics 4. Sources and Literature English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

80. Map I English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

81. Map II English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

82. 1. Introduction: The settlement of Ocracoke Ocracoke Inlet was a strategic passageway through the hazardous chain of barrier islands to mainland ports  stationing of pilots to guide the vessels  “An act of settling and maintaining pilots at Ocracoke.” English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

83. 1. Introduction: Ocracoke brogue Ocracoke English is based on Early Modern English  Question: Which form of Early Modern English played a role in shaping the early Ocracoke brogue? Early settlers along the coastal areas of the South including some Outer Banks families are from southern, western and eastern England It is also likely that early Ocracoke speech was influenced by the Irish and Scots-Irish varieties of English English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

84. 1. Introduction: Some pictures English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

85. 1. Introduction: Some pictures English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

86. 1. Introduction: Some pictures English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

87. 2. History formation of Ocracoke began about 17,000 years ago Giovanni da Verrazano, an Italian navigator in 1524 entrance to the Pamlico Sound and the mainland Wokokon, Wocokon, Okok, Ocacock, Occacoke, Ocracok, Ocracoke English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

88. 2. History A change in size Portsmouth Island, Hatteras Banks “Pilot Town“ population has grown from 59 (early 1700s) to 790 (today) English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

89. 2. History Ocracoke Island today is the most Eastern end of Hyde County bordering the Atlantic Ocean about 20 miles from the mainland English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

90. 3. Linguistics isolated from the mainland for nearly three centuries during this period of isolation Ocracokers developed a unique dialect of American English, known as the Brogue contrary to popular belief, Ocracoke English is not Elizabethan English English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

91. 3. Linguistics developed around the turn of the 20th century best-known feature is the pronunciation of the diphthong /ai/ hide and tide as similar to oi Ocracokers are known as hoi toiders English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

92. 3. Linguistics Older Ocracokers say: mommuck for to harass or bother quamish for sick in the stomach call the mail over dingbatter English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

93. 3. Linguistics That feller sure was tall. That fellow sure was tall. They usually be doing their homework. They usually do their homework. They put their food in a poke. They put their food in a bag. English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

94. 3. Linguistics They caught some feesh. They caught some fish. How you doing, buck? How are you doing, friend? English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

95. 3. Linguistics /au/ of sound and round saind and raind a before r thar (there) / war (where) final t after /s/ oncet (once) / twicet (twice) English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

96. 3. Linguistics final y for a extry (extra) / sody (soda) ar for -ire far (fire) / tar (tire) a-prefix with -ing a-shining (shining) / a-hunting (hunting) English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

97. Thanks for your attention! English in the US and Canada Ocracoke English

98. English in the US and Canada Prof. R. Hickey Dialects of the Middle West Presenters: Sebastian Obbink, Marc Friedrich, Grigorij Kunin

99. Table of Contents 1. Geography and History of the Midwestern Dialects 2. The Northern-Midland boundary 3. Subareas of the Midland 4. Foreign language influences 5. Sources and Literature English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

100. 1. Geography English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

101. Inland Northern Spread from New York and Western New England in early 19th century Became the dialect of the rising managerial class when industrial and economic power grew in the 19th century In the middle of the 20th century Inland Northern became model for pronunciation in handbooks and dictionaries English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

102. Midwest / Middle West Area between Appalachians and Rocky Mountains and north of Ohio River Divided into three major regional dialects: Inland Northern, West Midland and South Midland English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

103. West Midland West Midland came from Pennsylvania into Ohio and is to be found in central Ohio, central Indiana and central Illinois Across the Mississippi West Midland is to be found in every midwestern state but Minnesota and North Dakota Coexists with South Midland in Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

104. South Midland Arrived in the midwest in the early 19th century with settlers from southern uplands especially from Kentucky and Tennessee South Midland is to be found in south Ohio, south Indiana, south Illinois, south Iowa and most parts of Missouri Scholars disagree whether South Midland is a subdialect of Midland or of Southern English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

105. Northern-Midland boundary The Northern-Midland boundary is positioned in the North Central States and is the approximate division between: „greasy“ with [s] vs. [z] Quarter to vs. Quarter till Dutch cheese vs. Smearcase or clabber cheese Stone vs. Rock Pail vs. Bucket English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

106. 4. Foreign language influences Many languages influenced the dialects of the Middle West, but now those influences are disappearing: Into the 20th century there were French dialects in isolated parts of Missouri. Now just placenames survived like: St. Genevieve or Cape Girardeau Norwegian dialects influenced the English language in Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa Hispanic dialects influenced the English language in Illinois and Michigan English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

107. 4. An example of foreign influence In parts of Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri and Iowa German migrants influenced the language In an area that was called the „Missouri Rhineland“ some linguistic features were noticed: Realization of „th“ phonemes as stops Devoicing of final consonants Mid-level glides in /au/ and /ai/ Realization of short /a/ as a long, low-back vowel English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West

108. 5. Sources and Literature Frazer, Timothy C. 1996. “The dialects of the Middle West”. In Focus on the USA, Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), 81 ff.Focus on the USA English in the US and Canada Dialects of the Mid-West