1. Output hypothesis Comprehensible output hypothesis The hypothesis that successful second language acquisition requires not only COMPREHENSIBLE INPUT, but also comprehensible output, language produced by the learner that can be understood by other speakers of the language.

2. It has been argued that when learners have to make efforts to ensure that their messages are communicated, this puts them in a better position to notice the gap between their productions and those of proficient speakers, forsterin acquisition.

3. Input Hypothesis In order for learners to progress to the next stage in the acquisition of the target language, they need to understand input language that is slightly above the learner’s present level.The Natural Approach assumes that one masters through encounters with “input” containing structures at the “i+1” level.

4. Therefore,… In class, you need to both listen and speak. After class, you need to get more comprehensible input and output, too. You must learn actively rather than passively.

5. Values and attitudes Values are shared beliefs or group norms that have been internalized by individuals. Attitudes are evaluations of alternatives based on these values.

6. Can you list some values of U.S culture? Individual Hard work Commitments Time Emplyee’s primary obligation Promotions, selection, reward intuitive decisions Data : accurate Company information: open or withheld? Opions of employees: welcome or suppressed?

7. What should I do for the job? Change: improvement or disturbance?

8. What is your impression of Japanese culture? Conservative Patriotic Gender discrimination to females Hierarchical Long-term view of profits Bias against foreign products and foreign corporations

9. How can businesses make use of cultural differences? Levi Struass: freedom from a staid, traditional society Nike and Reebok: premium prices, loyal following

10. Manners and customs Japanese: silence Middle East: unrelated things Russian: abrasive, last-minute change

11. How do you sell coffee and soap in different countries? How can you best make use of the myths and legends of different countries?