1. PHYSICS 231 INTRODUCTORY PHYSICS I Lecture 18

2. The Laws of Thermodynamics Chapter 12

3. Principles of Thermodynamics Energy is conserved FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Examples: Engines (Heat -> Mechanical Energy) Friction (Mechanical Energy -> Heat) All processes must increase entropy SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Entropy is measure of disorder Engines can not be 100% efficient

4. Adding heat Q can: Change temperature Change state of matter Can also change  U by doing work on the gas Work done on a gas Change of Internal Energy  U Work done on the gas

5. First Law of Thermodynamics Note: (Work done by the gas) = - (Work done on the gas) Conservation of Energy Can change internal energy  U by Adding heat to gas: Q Doing work on gas: Add heat => Increase Int. Energy & Gas does work

6. Example 12.1 A cylinder of radius 5 cm is kept at pressure with a piston of mass 75 kg. a) What is the pressure inside the cylinder? b) If the gas expands such that the cylinder rises 12.0 cm, what work was done by the gas? c) What amount of the work went into changing the gravitational PE of the piston? d) Where did the rest of the work go? 1.950x10 5 Pa 183.8 J 88.3 J Compressing the outside air

7. Example 12.2a A massive copper piston traps an ideal gas as shown to the right. The piston is allowed to freely slide up and down and equilibrate with the outside air. The pressure inside the cylinder is _________ the pressure outside. a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

8. Example 12.2b A massive copper piston traps an ideal gas as shown to the right. The piston is allowed to freely slide up and down and equilibrate with the outside air. The temperature inside the cylinder is __________ the temperature outside. a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

9. Example 12.2c A massive copper piston traps an ideal gas as shown to the right. The piston is allowed to freely slide up and down and equilibrate with the outside air. If the gas is heated by a steady flame, and the piston rises to a new equilibrium position, the new pressure will be _________ than the previous pressure. a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

10. Some Vocabulary Isobaric P = constant Isovolumetric V = constant W = 0 Isothermal T = constant  U = 0 (ideal gas) Adiabatic Q = 0 V V V V P P P P

11. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, isothermally compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) P b is _______ P a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.3a a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

12. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, isothermally compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) T b is ________ T a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.3b a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

13. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, isothermally compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) W ab is ________ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Vocabulary: W ab is work done by gas between a and b Example 12.3c a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

14. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, isothermally compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) U b is ________ U a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.3d a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

15. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, isothermally compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) Q ab is ________ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Vocabulary: Q ab is heat added to gas between a and b Example 12.3e a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

16. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, adiabatically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) P b is _______ P a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.4a a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

17. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, adiabatically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) W ab is ______ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.4b a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

18. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, adiabatically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) Q ab is _______ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.4c a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

19. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, adiabatically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) U b is _______ U a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.4d a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

20. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) Weight is slowly added to the piston, adiabatically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) T b is _______ T a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.4e a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

21. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) The gas is cooled, isobarically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) P b is _______ P a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.5a a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

22. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) The gas is cooled, isobarically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) W ab is _______ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.5b a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

23. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) The gas is cooled, isobarically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) T b is _______ T a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.5c a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

24. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) The gas is cooled, isobarically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) U b is _______ U a Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.5d a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

25. A massive piston traps an amount of Helium gas as shown. The piston freely slides up and down. The system initially equilibrates at room temperature (a) The gas is cooled, isobarically compressing the gas to half its original volume (b) Q ab is _______ 0 Outside Air: Room T, Atm. P Example 12.5e a) Greater than b) Less than c) Equal to

26. P-V Diagrams P V Path moves to right: W by the gas = Area under curve P V Path moves to left: W by the gas = - Area under curve (W on the gas = - W by the gas )

27. Work from closed cycles Consider cycle A -> B -> A W A->B = Area W B->A = - Area (work done by gas)

28. Work from closed cycles Consider cycle A -> B -> A W A->B->A = Area (work done by gas)

29. Work from closed cycles Reverse the cycle, make it counter clockwise W B->A = - Area W A->B = Area (work done by gas)

30. Work from closed cycles W A->B->A = - Area Reverse the cycle, make it counter clockwise (work done by gas)

31. Internal Energy in closed cycles in closed cycles

32. Example 12.6 a) What amount of work is performed by the gas in the cycle IAFI? b) How much heat was inserted into the gas in the cycle IAFI? c) What amount of work is performed by the gas in the cycle IBFI? W=3.04x10 5 J W = -3.04x10 5 J Q = 3.04x10 5 J V (m 3 )

33. Example 12.7 Consider a monotonic ideal gas. a) What work was done by the gas from A to B? b) What heat was added to the gas between A and B? c) What work was done by the gas from B to C? d) What heat was added to the gas beween B and C? e) What work was done by the gas from C to A? f) What heat was added to the gas from C to A? V (m 3 ) P (kPa) 25 50 75 0.2 0.4 0.6 A B C 20,000 J 20,000 -10,000 J -25,000 J 0 15,000 J

34. Example Continued Take solutions from last problem and find: a) Net work done by gas in the cycle b) Amount of heat added to gas W AB + W BC + W CA = 10,000 J Q AB + Q BC + Q CA = 10,000 J This does NOT mean that the engine is 100% efficient!

35. Example 12.8a Consider an ideal gas undergoing the trajectory through the PV diagram. In going from A to B to C, the work done BY the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C

36. Example 12.8b In going from A to B to C, the change of the internal energy of the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C

37. Example 12.8c In going from A to B to C, the amount of heat added to the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C D

38. Example 12.8d In going from A to B to C to D to A, the work done BY the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C D

39. Example 12.8e In going from A to B to C to D to A, the change of the internal energy of the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C D

40. Example 12.8f In going from A to B to C to D to A, the heat added to the gas is _______ 0. P V A B a)> b)< c)= C D