1. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan1 Posture James Coughlan

2. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan2 Definition It is the shape and alignment of various body segments, these segments must be aligned one above the other in a straight line. If not this will manifest itself in the individual by having poor carriage and invariably resuls in additional effort and muscular strain for the individual.

3. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan3 Body Segments Poor posture may predispose the subject to certain types of injury. Acts as a mechanical handicap in certain athletic activities. May become injured easily.

4. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan4 Defects Of Posture Level one: Poor Stance. The following must be in line if one has good posture the ear lobe, cromiom process, the lesser trochanter of the hip, the styloid process of the knee and the lelles of the ankle. It is possible to measure the angles and ascertain to what degree the defect is. With level one defects, the subject may be predisposed to injury.

5. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan5 Level Two Some muscles are too long and others are too short. This effects the subject mechanically and will lead to serious injury of muscles, ligaments and tendons.

6. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan6 Level Three Defects of the bone. Knock knees or bow legs. Babies may be born with one leg longer than the other and this defect might require corrective surgery.

7. Abducted Scapulae Shoulders are rounded because muscles in the chest region are too long and too strong. Students who grow too quickly and become conscious of their height. Prop forwards. Poor study habits. This condition can lead to Kyphosis. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan7

8. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan8 Abucted Scapulae This condition is similar to rounded shoulders. (Push ups?) The scapulae are abducted. The correction requires strengthening of the adductor muscles, the rhomboids and the trapezius. (Highlighted) Prop forwards tend to suffer from this condition.

9. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan9 Kyphosis This is an exageration or increase in the amount of the normal convexity of the thoracic region of the spine. Do not give the subject exercises to build up the muscles in the front, as they are already too long.

10. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan10 Causes Muscles in the front of the body are too long and those at the back are too weak. Lack of strength of these muscles causes too much flexion. Antagonistic muscles become too comfortable in this position and results in the subject becoming crouched. Reading in a crouched position. Correction: Extensors must be strengthened. Force your back against a wall for one minute intervals.

11. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan11 Scoliosis This is a lateral deviation of the spine. This means that the spine is not in a straight line. Notice the shape of the spine.

12. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan12 C - SCOLIOSIS In this condition the body leans excessively to one side. It is due to asymmetrical weight bearing caused by poor habits or structural irregularities. Standing on one leg. Thrusting the hip to one side until the weight is over one hip. Hands - pull the back of the head. Proper warm ups.

13. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan13 Lordosis This is an inward curvature of the back resultung in an outward curvature of the stomach. If not corrected, becomes worse as the person gets older.

14. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan14 Other Defects Pronation: The feet turn out because the tibia becomes twisted – noted in some ballet dancers. Tibia Tortion: the feet turn in towards each other Knock knees: knees are excessively pointing towards each other. Bow legs: the tibia and fibula become bowed.

15. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan15 Flat Feet If you wet your foot and walk across a blackboard placed on the floor. If you leave a blob of water on the floor, this indicates fallen arches. If you leave two distinct blobs of water as an imprint, then your feet are in a good state. Stand on heels and toes and strengthen the ligaments of the foot.

16. 09/06/2015Mr. Coughlan16 Petosis If the abdomen is weak, the muscles become flabby and the abdominal muscles hang from the body. Strengten the abdominal muscles including the external obliques.