1. The Body Systems Digestive Reproductive Excretory Immune Muscular
Nervous
Skeletal
Integumentary
Respiratory
Circulatory

3. Functions of Cells

4. Cellular Organization
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System

5. Tissues, Organs, & Systems
Cells that work together to perform a specific function form a tissue.
Just as cells that work together form a tissue, tissues that work together form an organ.
Organs that work together to perform a function form a system. Example: circulatory system.
Plant cells also form tissues, such as the bark of a tree. And plant cells work together, forming organs, such as roots and leaves.

6. The Integumentary System
Main Organs:
Skin (Epidermis & Dermis)
Hair
Purpose/Function:
Protects the body - from injury, infection, and water loss
Maintaining Temperature
Eliminating Waste - through sweating
Produce Vitamins - (Such as Vitamin D)

7. The Integumentary System
Relationship with other system(s):
Nervous System: The skin is connected to the sense of touch and offers a first alarm source.
Muscular System: Skin Protects the muscles from harm.
Interesting Facts:
Skin is the largest organ in the body.
An average adult has 20 sq. ft. of skin.
Every month you have a whole new layer of skin.

8. The Muscular System
Purpose/Function: To create movement and strength of the body, and to create movement of body organs.
Main Organs:
Skeletal / Voluntary Muscles: move bones and hold your skeleton upright.
Smooth Muscles: contract slowly and move substances through the internal organs they surround.
Cardiac Muscle: make up the walls of the heart. Function is to pump blood.

9. The Muscular System Relationship with other systems:
Skeletal - allows movement of joints.
Circulatory - The heart is the cardiac muscle.
Digestive System - Smooth muscles help the digestive organs to break down food.
Interesting Facts:
You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning.
Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000 times a day!
The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.

10. Muscular System Cool Facts!
- There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.
- The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends the knee.
- The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius, deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
- The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking, running and climbing steps.

11. The Skeletal System
Purpose/Function: provides (shape and support, allows for movement, protection , production of minerals(blood cells) and storage of minerals.
Main Organs: 206 total bones (cranium, metatarsals, phalanges, femur, mandible,)
Relationship with other system(s): Muscular System – Each individual muscle in the body is connected to one or more parts of the skeletal system. Circulatory System – A substance known as marrow is created inside bones and aids the production of red and white blood cells.

12. Skeletal System Cool Facts!
The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined together.
The longest bone is the ‘femur’, in the thigh. it makes up almost one quarter of the body’s total height.
The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.
After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.

14. Digestive System
Purpose/Function: breakdown food into energy for your body to function and survive.
Main Organs: mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine.
Relationship with other systems: Circulatory System carries nutrients broken down by digestive system in the blood stream to other parts of the body for energy consumption.

15. The Digestive System Digestion begins as you chew food.
Glands in your mouth produce saliva to moisten food.
The food passes through the esophagus to the stomach and moves to the small intestine.
Nutrients diffuse through the villi, tiny projections from the intestine, into the blood.

16. Gross and Cool Facts
HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
Chewing food takes from 5-30 seconds
Swallowing takes about 10 seconds
Food sloshing in the stomach can last 3-4 hours
It takes 3 hours for food to move through the intestine
Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 hours to 2 days!
Americans eat about 700 million pounds of peanut butter.
Americans eat over 2 billion pounds of chocolate a year.
In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons!!

17. Feed The Digestive System

19. The Circulatory System
Purpose/Function: Carries needed materials (Oxygen, Sugar) to cells, and carries waste (Carbon Dioxide) away from cells.
Main Organs:
Heart - The muscle that pumps blood to and from cells.
Blood Vessels: The tubes that transport blood from the heart throughout the body and back again.
Arteries - Carry oxygen-rich blood cells from the heart throughout the body.
Capillaries - Are narrow arteries.
Veins - Carry oxygen-poor blood cells from the body back into the lungs and heart.

20. The Circulatory System
Relationship with other systems:
Respiratory System: Blood cells are transported through the lungs to gain oxygen and to get rid of carbon dioxide.
Skeletal System: Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
Immune System: Blood cells are responsible for delivering disease fighting materials.
Interesting Facts:
The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels!
An adult's heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of blood each day!
The average three-year-old has two pints of blood in their body; the average adult at least five times more!
A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the heart closing as they push blood through its chambers.

21. Circulatory System Gross and Cool Facts!
The body of an adult contains over 60,000 miles of blood vessels!
An adult's heart pumps nearly 4000 gallons of blood each day!
Your heart beats some 30 million times a year!
The average three-year-old has two pints of blood in their body; the average adult at least five times more!
A "heartbeat" is really the sound of the valves in the heart closing as they push blood through its chambers.

24. The Respiratory System
Purpose/Function: The primary function
is do supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to
deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. It also removes
Carbon Dioxide from the blood.
Main Organs: Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tubes,
Diaphragm, and Lungs
Relationship with other systems: Circulatory System,
Muscular System

25. The Respiratory System
Air enters the body through nasal passages is filtered, then travels down the trachea.
The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi, which lead to the lungs.
At the end of the bronchi are tiny tubes called aveoli, small air sacs.
Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the aveoli and the oxygen rich blood enters the body through the pulmonary veins.

26. Respiratory System Gross and Cool Facts!
Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.
Every minute you breathe in 13 pints of air.
Plants are our partners in breathing. We breathe in air, use the oxygen in it, and release carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Thank goodness!
People tend to get more colds in the winter because we're indoors more often and in close proximity to other people. When people sneeze, cough and even breathe -- germs go flying!

28. The Excretory System
Purpose/Function: Removes waste from the body. Cell wastes include carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Main Organs: The kidneys, bladder, and urethra make up part of the excretory system.
The body also removes wastes through sweating. Sweat is a salty liquid that evaporates from the skin.

29. The Excretory System Relationship with other systems:
Respiratory System: The lungs are responsible for getting rid of the carbon dioxide waste product.
Integumentary System: The skin allows the body to sweat salty liquid waste through pores to be evaporated.
Interesting Facts:
The average person pees 3,000 times a year.
Humans can live with only one kidney.

30. The Immune System Main Organs: White Blood Cells:
T Cells (Identify Diseases).
B Cells (Antibodies - Destroy diseases).
Purpose/Function:
Protects the body from disease pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

31. The Immune System Relationship with other system(s):
Integumentary - Skin is the first line of defense from disease.
Endocrine - The endocrine system is responsible for producing body chemicals that help prevent diseases.
Interesting Facts:
A vaccination is a weakened form of a virus that is injected into the body on purpose to trigger the T cells to be on the lookout for the virus.
An antibiotic is a chemical that kills bacteria in the body.
T Cells are produced in the Thymus (Lymph nodes in the chest).
B Cells are produced in the Bone Marrow.

32. The Immune System Cool Facts!
The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These substances explain why you don't wake up in the morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin - most bacteria and spores that land on the skin die quickly.
Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.

33. The Reproductive System
Purpose/Function: For the continuation of the species (Making Babies)
Main Organs:
Testes - (in males) Produce the male gamete (sperm) for sexual reproduction, and also stimulate the production of male hormones (ex: testosterone).
Ovaries - (in females) Produce the female gamete (ovum/egg) for sexual reproduction, and also produce female hormones (ex: estrogen and progesterone).

34. The Reproductive System
Relationship with other systems:
Nervous System: All reproductive activities are stimulated by the nervous system.
Endocrine System (Hormone). Some reproductive organs stimulate hormone development in the Endocrine System.
Interesting Facts:
About 500 million sperm cells mature daily in an average male.
At puberty, a female has between 300,000 to 400,000 viable eggs that can be fertilized.
Upon fertilization between a sperm and egg, a chemical reaction occurs causing the outer shell of the egg to become impenetrable.

35. The Nervous System Main Organs:
Brain (Includes Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Brain Stem)
Spinal Cord - contains the nerve highway for the body (found in the vertebrae/backbone).
Nerves & Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Senses (Vision, Hearing (and balance), Smell, Taste, Touch)
Purpose/Function:
Receives information internally and externally from the sense organs, and directs the body to respond to the information. (Stimulus & Response)
Helps body to maintain homeostasis (ability to maintain a constant stable internal condition).

36. The system that controls all of the activities of the body. (1)
Nervous System
The system that controls all of the activities of the body. (1)
The nervous system is made up of the following : (2)
The spinal cord
The brain
The nerves
The senses

37. The nervous system allows you to react to a stimulus.
A stimulus is a change in the environment. (3)
Example: A hot stove
Or… tripping over a rock

38. * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it.
Reflex
* An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it.
* A reflex happens quickly in less than a second.

39. Most of our reactions are automatic.
Automatic means that you do not necessarily have to think about your reactions.
Example: If a bug flies by your eye,
you will blink automatically.

40. The maintenance of a constant environment in the body
The Nervous System controls Homeostasis (4)
The maintenance of a constant environment in the body
Temperature
Water levels
Glucose (Sugar) concentration

41. Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.
Nerve Impulse
Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.

42. Basic Process of the Nervous System (4)
Sensory Input: Monitors both outside and inside environments.
Processing: Collects the information and often combines (integrates) it with already stored information.
Motor output: If needed, it will signal certain organs to make an appropriate response.

43. Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System is made of the brain and the spinal cord. (5)
The Central Nervous System is the Control Center for the body. (6)

44. The Brain
* The brain controls everything in the body.
* The brain is made of more than 10 billion nerves!
* The brain is divided into three parts and is protected by the skull. (relationship with Skeletal System).

45. The Three Parts of the Brain
* The Brain has three main parts… (8)
1. The Cerebrum
2. The Cerebellum
3. The Brain Stem

46. * The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain.
1. The cerebrum controls your thinking.
2. The cerebrum controls your memory.
3. The cerebrum controls your speaking.
4. The cerebrum controls your movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

47. * The cerebellum is below and to the back of the cerebrum.
1. The cerebellum controls your balance.
2. The cerebellum controls your posture.

49. The Brain Stem
* The Brain Stem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
* The nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

50. The Spinal Cord
* The spinal cord sends messages to the brain.
* The spinal cord is the part of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system. (8)

52. The Vertebrae
* The vertebrae are the many bones that protect the nerves in the spinal cord. (Relationship with the Skeletal System)

53. Outer Nervous System
The Outer Nervous System is made of the nerves and the sense organs. (9)
Nerves
Sense organs

54. Outer Nervous System
* The outer nervous system carries messages between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.
* The Outer Nervous System’s job is to connect the Central Nervous System to the rest of the body.

55. Automatic Nervous System
* The outer nervous system controls the body’s activities that you don’t necessarily think about.
* The outer nervous system controls activities in your small intestine, your breathing, and your heartbeat. (10)
controls

57. Sense Organs
Sense organs carry messages that concern the environment to the central nervous system.

58. Sense Organs
The eyes (Vision), ears (Hearing), nose (Smell), tongue (Taste), and skin (Touch) are examples of sense organs.
The sense organs gather information (light, sound, heat, and pressure) from the environment.

59. Vision is your ability to see.
Vision involves the eye and the brain.

60. When a sound is made, the air around the sound vibrates.
Hearing
Hearing starts when some of the sound waves go into the ear.

61. The pinna is the part of the ear that you can see.
The ear canal is the tube between the outside of the ear and the ear drum.
The ear drum is in the middle ear. It vibrates when sound waves hit it.

62. The ear works with the brain to control your balance.
The Ear and Balance
The ear works with the brain to control your balance.
All of your movements are controlled by balance and muscles.
The liquid in your inner ear is responsible for your balance.
The liquid in your ear moves when we move. The liquid movement sends information to the brain to tell it how we are moving.

63. The sense of touch is located in the skin.
The nerves in the skin allow us to feel texture, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.
Texture is how something feels.

64. The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells.
The nose controls your sense of smell.
Smell
The nose is able to smell 80 different kinds of smells.

65. Your sense of taste comes from the taste buds in the tongue.
Taste buds are the parts on the tongue that allow us to taste.
The four kinds of taste buds are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty.

67. Tastes and smells work together to make flavors.
Flavors are the tastes of food and drinks.

68. The Nervous System Relationship with other systems:
All other systems: The brain is responsible for sending information signals to all other systems in order for them to function.
Interesting Facts:
Only four percent of the brain's cells work while the remaining cells are kept in reserve.
There are more nerve cells in the human brain than there are stars in the Milky Way.
The total surface area of the human brain if stretched out is about the size of a pillow case

69. The “funny bone” is on the elbow.
Did You Know?…..
That you have a nerve along your whole arm.
"Funny Bone"
The “funny bone” is the only place on the arm where the nerve is not protected.
The “funny bone” is on the elbow.

70. The Mind Can Play Tricks
Optical Illusion- Visually perceived images that differ from reality.