1. Remoteness Index Dexter Pante, Likas Umali and Sabrina Ongkiko

2. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OUTLINE USES OF DISTANCE QUESTION METHODS FINDINGS & LIMITATIONS

3. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION INTRODUCTION 1.How would you know if you are too close to your seatmate? 2.Whether your pocket money for this workshop is sufficient? 3.How much time is left for my presentation? Close your eyes Imagine a world without distance

4. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION INTRODUCTION Concept of distance is very important in education planning and resource allocation  Multigrade Education  Hardship Pay  Alternative Delivery Mode No standard definition exists yet for remote or accessible schools

5. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ASSUMPTIONS Euclidean Distance  Temporal Measures  Linear Measures  Financial Measures Reference points:  School and  Division Offices Division Office

6. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RESEARCH PROBLEM “When can a school be considered remote?”

7. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REMOTENESS DEFINITION Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the municipal poblacion (Beatty et al., n.d.) Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the municipal poblacion (Beatty et al., n.d.) Rural Europe: 45min travel time to reach an urban centre with at least 50,000 inhabitants (Jonard, Lambotte, Ramos, Terres, & Bamps, 2009) Rural Europe: 45min travel time to reach an urban centre with at least 50,000 inhabitants (Jonard, Lambotte, Ramos, Terres, & Bamps, 2009) Roadless areas: Time taken to walk from the nearest road or other access feature, taking into account physical characteristics of the landscape (Fritz & Carver, 2000) Roadless areas: Time taken to walk from the nearest road or other access feature, taking into account physical characteristics of the landscape (Fritz & Carver, 2000) Communities: Remote geographically, economically, and politically remote; distant from large, urban industrial and political centers; sparsely settled (Huskey and Morehouse, 1992) Communities: Remote geographically, economically, and politically remote; distant from large, urban industrial and political centers; sparsely settled (Huskey and Morehouse, 1992) Remote states: Relationship with other states (Millimet & Osang, 2007) Remote states: Relationship with other states (Millimet & Osang, 2007) Countries: in economic terms, geographically isolated from most other nations or is close to small countries but far away from big economies (Manova & Zhang, 2012) Countries: in economic terms, geographically isolated from most other nations or is close to small countries but far away from big economies (Manova & Zhang, 2012) Australia: Access along road networks to service centres (a hierarchy of urban centres w/ populations of 5,000 or more) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) Australia: Access along road networks to service centres (a hierarchy of urban centres w/ populations of 5,000 or more) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) Vietnam: Physical accessibility (using travel time), and socio-cultural distance (Epprecht, Muller, & Minot, 2011) Vietnam: Physical accessibility (using travel time), and socio-cultural distance (Epprecht, Muller, & Minot, 2011) United States: Territory inside an urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized area (Office of Management and Budget, 2000) United States: Territory inside an urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized area (Office of Management and Budget, 2000) Australia: Distance of the centroid of a Statistical Local Area to the nearest urban centres (Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications, 2004) Australia: Distance of the centroid of a Statistical Local Area to the nearest urban centres (Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications, 2004) NO UNIVERSAL DEFINITION depends on context NO UNIVERSAL DEFINITION depends on context

8. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REMOTENESS DEFINITION Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the municipal poblacion (Beatty et al., n.d.) Kalahi CIDSS: Proximity to the municipal poblacion (Beatty et al., n.d.) Rural Europe: 45min travel time to reach an urban centre with at least 50,000 inhabitants (Jonard, Lambotte, Ramos, Terres, & Bamps, 2009) Rural Europe: 45min travel time to reach an urban centre with at least 50,000 inhabitants (Jonard, Lambotte, Ramos, Terres, & Bamps, 2009) Roadless areas: Time taken to walk from the nearest road or other access feature, taking into account physical characteristics of the landscape (Fritz & Carver, 2000) Roadless areas: Time taken to walk from the nearest road or other access feature, taking into account physical characteristics of the landscape (Fritz & Carver, 2000) Communities: Remote geographically, economically, and politically remote; distant from large, urban industrial and political centers; sparsely settled (Huskey and Morehouse, 1992) Communities: Remote geographically, economically, and politically remote; distant from large, urban industrial and political centers; sparsely settled (Huskey and Morehouse, 1992) Remote states: Relationship with other states (Millimet & Osang, 2007) Remote states: Relationship with other states (Millimet & Osang, 2007) Countries: in economic terms, geographically isolated from most other nations or is close to small countries but far away from big economies (Manova & Zhang, 2012) Countries: in economic terms, geographically isolated from most other nations or is close to small countries but far away from big economies (Manova & Zhang, 2012) Australia: Access along road networks to service centres (a hierarchy of urban centres w/ populations of 5,000 or more) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) Australia: Access along road networks to service centres (a hierarchy of urban centres w/ populations of 5,000 or more) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) Vietnam: Physical accessibility (using travel time), and socio-cultural distance (Epprecht, Muller, & Minot, 2011) Vietnam: Physical accessibility (using travel time), and socio-cultural distance (Epprecht, Muller, & Minot, 2011) United States: Territory inside an urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized area (Office of Management and Budget, 2000) United States: Territory inside an urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized area (Office of Management and Budget, 2000) Australia: Distance of the centroid of a Statistical Local Area to the nearest urban centres (Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications, 2004) Australia: Distance of the centroid of a Statistical Local Area to the nearest urban centres (Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications, 2004) RECURRING FEATURE: TRAVEL TIME considers “a number of geographical factors other than simple linear distance” including various costs RECURRING FEATURE: TRAVEL TIME considers “a number of geographical factors other than simple linear distance” including various costs

9. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DATA EBEIS SY 2013-2014 Variables  School name and School ID  Travel: distance, means, time, cost  Reference: District, Division, nearest public ES and HS, nearest private ES and HS

10. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION LOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS Travel TimeTravel CostRemote High Remote HighLowRemote LowHighRemote Low Accessible Travel TimeRemote HighRemote LowAccessible Travel TimeTravel CostDistanceRemote High Remote HighLowHighRemote LowHigh Remote LOW HIGHREMOTE High LowRemote HighLow Remote LowHighLowRemote LOW ACCESSIBLE

11. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DATA DISTRIBUTION zoomed in 46,0111 schools from the EBEIS Entire range Zoomed in Zoomed in further

12. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION METHODOLOGY K-MEANS CLUSTERING Method for finding patterns in the data Looks for similar observations Schools that are near each other will be grouped together: - low division travel time and cost = one group - high division travel time and/or cost = other group/s

13. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DATA CLUSTERING zoomed in Accessible Schools 44,834 Extremely Remote Schools 100 Remote Schools 1,077

14. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REMOTENESS LINE zoomed in 805 Slope = -.49

15. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION REMOTENESS INDEX Remoteness index = cost + 0.49*time - 805 REMOTEACCESSIBLE -750-500-2500250500750

16. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SAMPLE SCHOOLS

17. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION LIMITATIONS DATA AVAILABILITY - updating and validating - no data, placeholders, extreme values - imputation - specific question eliciting the data - coordinates

18. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION RECOMMENDATIONS 1.Distinguish between urban-rural and remote- accessible 2.Use the definition: remote schools are those located in areas where either the cost or travel to DO are substantial 3.Update and validate data 4.Validate Remoteness Index - with other models (e.g. DOH’s GIDA, KALAHI-CIDS) - collect accurate coordinate data

19. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Australian social trends. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Beatty, A., BenYishay, A., Felix, A., King, E., Lalisan, A., Orbeta, A.,… Sethi, S. (n.d.). Impact Evaluation of the Kalahi-CIDSS: Baseline Report. Berman, M. (n.d.). Remoteness and Mobility: Transportation Routes, Technologies, and Sustainability in Arctic Communities. Black, Paul E., "Euclidean distance", in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures [online], Vreda Pieterse and Paul E. Black, eds. 17 December 2004. Available from: http://www.nist.gov/dads/HTML/euclidndstnc.html Epprecht, M., Muller, D., & Minot, N. (2011). How remote are Vietnam's ethnic minorities? An analysis of spatial patterns of poverty and inequality. The Annals of Regional Science, 46(2), 349-368. Fritz, S., & Carver, S. (2000). Modelling remoteness in roadless areas using GIS. 4th International Conference on Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling. Millimet, D. L., & Osang, T. (2007). Do state borders matter for US intranational trade? The role of history and internal migration. Canadian Journal of Economics, 40(1), 93-126. Office of Management and Budget. (2000). Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas; Notice. Federal Register (65) No. 249. Rural, regional and remote health: A guide to remoteness classifications. (2004). Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. REFERENCES