1. Objectives Describe the outcome of the election of 1800.
Explain Jefferson’s policies as President.
Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison.

2. Terms and People
Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800
Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election
laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy
John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson
judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws

3. How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government?
In 1800, President John Adams ran for reelection against Thomas Jefferson.
Federalists supported John Adams.
Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

4. The election of 1800 was viciously contested.
Federalists threatened civil war if Jefferson were elected.
Republicans accused John Adams of creating a monarchy.
By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson defeated Adams.

5. Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes
However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes.
Thomas Jefferson - 73 Votes
Jefferson
Aaron Burr - 73 Votes
The House of Representatives had to break the tie. They voted for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice President.

6. To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment.
From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

7. At Jefferson’s inauguration:
Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital.
Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony.
At Jefferson’s inauguration:
Jefferson walked to the ceremony.
People did not bow. They shook Jefferson’s hand.
In the past:
The President rode to the inauguration in a fancy carriage.
People bowed to the President.
In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all Americans to unite.

8. Jefferson thought of his election as the “Revolution of 1800.”
Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of George Washington and John Adams.
His first goal was to limit the power of the federal government.
He believed in the idea of laissez faire, from the French term for “let alone.”

9. Jefferson created new Republican policies and kept some existing Federalist policies.

10. Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he had long opposed.
Many people had been convicted and fined under the act.
Others had been imprisoned.
Jefferson ordered the fines refunded.
Jefferson released the prisoners.

11. One Federalist who did not keep his job was Judge William Marbury.
Adams had appointed Marbury and other judges in his last hours as President.
When Jefferson took office, he ordered Secretary of State James Madison to cease work on the appointments.

12. Jefferson’s decision led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Marbury v
Jefferson’s decision led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison.
William Marbury sued James Madison.
This act gave the Supreme Court the power to review any case against a federal official.
Marbury cited the Judiciary Act of 1789.

13. In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional.
The ruling stated that the Court’s power came from the Constitution, not Congress.
Under the Judiciary Act, the Supreme Court’s power came from Congress.
Supreme Court
Congress
Constitution
Therefore, Congress did not have the right to give power to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act.

14. Unconstitutional laws
Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to establish the principle of judicial review.
This gives the Supreme Court the authority to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Unconstitutional laws
Judicial review remains one of the most important powers of the Supreme Court.

15. Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz 15

16. What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory?
The tide of westward settlement speeded up in the years after America’s independence.
By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

17. Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River.
Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans.
From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic.

18. Spain, which controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans, threatened to close the port to American ships.
Pinckney Treaty
This treaty guaranteed Americans’ right to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans.
To prevent this, the U.S. negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain in 1795.

19. Westerners demanded war with Spain.
Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain withdrew Americans’ right to ship goods through New Orleans.
Westerners demanded war with Spain.

20. To make matters worse, Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France.
If this happened, westward expansion of the United States would be blocked.
French territory
Jefferson feared that France would become dominant in America, as it was becoming in Europe.

21. Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French.
He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to make a deal.
When they arrived in France, they discovered that the situation had shifted yet again.

22. The French had been driven from their colony on Haiti.
Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war.

23. Also, war between France and Britain was looming.
Napoleon needed money for the war.

24. Because of France’s situation, Monroe and Livingston received a surprising offer.
France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States.
New Orleans
Louisiana

25. Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase.
Was it constitutional?
In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries.

26. After buying the Louisiana Territory in 1803, Thomas Jefferson was eager to have it explored and mapped.

27. In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a western expedition.
He chose two army officers to lead the exploration.
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark

28. Goals of the western expedition
Look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean.
Report back on the natural features of the region.
Make contact with Native Americans.
Goals of the western expedition

29. Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

30. Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two years.
July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
The party reached the mouth of the Platte River, which feeds into the Missouri River.
The expedition followed the Missouri River from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains.

31. They met with Native Americans for the first time.
July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
They met with Native Americans for the first time.
The Americans promised to give the tribes military support and trading rights in exchange for peace.

32. July 1804
August 1804
October 1804
They camped in what is now North Dakota for the winter.
They were joined by Sacagawea, a Shoshone translator.

33. The party reached the continental divide.
August 1805
November 1805
March 1806
The party reached the continental divide.
They did not find a waterway to the Pacific. Instead, they had to navigate rapids in their canoes.

34. August 1805
November 1805
March 1806
They reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River.
They began the return journey, which took about half a year.

35. The journey of Lewis and Clark led many Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.

36. From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.

37. Partway up a mountain, he was forced to turn back.
Pike returned home through Spanish New Mexico.
Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains.
Pike’s Peak
Today, this mountain is known as Pike’s Peak.
Rocky Mountains
Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the region.

38. Objectives Discuss how the United States defeated the Barbary pirates.
Explain how war in Europe hurt American trade.
Discuss the causes and effects of the Embargo Act.
Identify the events leading up to the Battle of Tippecanoe.

39. Terms and People
tribute – money paid by one country to another in return for protection
Stephen Decatur – led a group of American sailors in a battle to protect the warship Philadelphia against pirates
embargo – a government order that forbids foreign trade
smuggle – the act of illegally importing or exporting goods

40. Terms and People (continued)
Tecumseh – organized western Native American tribes to resist American expansion
William Henry Harrison – governor of the Indiana Territory who sent soldiers to fight Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe

41. How did Jefferson respond to threats to the security of the nation?
Trade with Europe was critical to the American economy.
crops and natural resources
United States
Europe
manufactured goods

42. Pirates from the North African Barbary States began attacking American ships.
At first, America paid tribute, as other nations did.
America paid money to the rulers of the Barbary States.
The Barbary pirates stopped attacking American ships.

43. Jefferson stopped paying tribute
Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent warships to protect American merchant ships.
Pirates from the Barbary State of Tripoli captured the American ship, Philadelphia.
American sailors led by Stephen Decatur burned the Philadelphia so the pirates could not use it.
This victory and others inspired confidence in America’s ability to deal with foreign threats.

44. A greater threat to America came from Britain and France.
United States
In 1803, Britain and France were at war. The United States remained neutral and profited by trading with both nations.

45. France seized American ships trading with Britain.
Britain and France weakened each other by cutting off each other’s foreign trade.
U.S.
France
Britain
U.S.
France seized American ships trading with Britain.
Britain did the same to ships trading with France.

46. Once again, Britain used impressment to gather soldiers for the war with France.
Thousands of Americans were forced to serve in the British navy.

47. Jefferson used a peaceful method to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality.
He imposed an embargo on American ships sailing to any foreign port.
foreign trade
Jefferson predicted that the embargo would stop Britain and France from attacking American ships.

48. The embargo hurt America in many ways.
Prices of American crops declined.
embargo
American exports declined.
Many Americans lost their jobs.
Merchants turned to smuggling to survive.

49. Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809, just before Jefferson left office.
Congress passed a new law that reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain.
America would reopen trade with those countries when they started respecting America’s neutrality.

50. Also during this period, tens of thousands of American settlers moved westward.
As American settlers moved west, they took over Native American lands.

51. Native Americans suffered from this expansion.
Many died from new diseases.
They lost their hunting grounds.
Animals they hunted were driven away.
The power of their leaders declined.

52. Tecumseh western tribes
Shawnee leader Tecumseh organized the western tribes into a league to resist settlement.
Tecumseh
western tribes
U.S. expansion

53. William Henry Harrison took action against Tecumseh’s activities.
Harrison sent soldiers against Shawnee villages while Tecumseh was away.
Tippecanoe River

54. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison defeated the Native Americans.
Tecumseh and his allies continued their opposition to western settlement.
However, Native Americans never regained their strength after the Battle of Tippecanoe.

55. Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz 55

56. Also during this period, tens of thousands of American settlers moved westward.
As American settlers moved west, they took over Native American lands.

57. Native Americans suffered from this expansion.
Many died from new diseases.
They lost their hunting grounds.
Animals they hunted were driven away.
The power of their leaders declined.

58. Tecumseh western tribes
Shawnee leader Tecumseh organized the western tribes into a league to resist settlement.
Tecumseh
western tribes
U.S. expansion

59. William Henry Harrison took action against Tecumseh’s activities.
Harrison sent soldiers against Shawnee villages while Tecumseh was away.
Tippecanoe River

60. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison defeated the Native Americans.
Tecumseh and his allies continued their opposition to western settlement.
However, Native Americans never regained their strength after the Battle of Tippecanoe.

61. What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812?
Tension with Britain was high when James Madison took office in 1809.
Britain armed Native Americans…
American anger toward Britain
…and continued impressment of U.S. sailors. 61

62. Many Americans felt a new sense of American nationalism at this time.
In 1810, nationalists Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun joined the House of Representatives.
They and their supporters were called war hawks. They supported war with Britain. 62

63. Relations with Britain worsened steadily in early 1812.
The British vowed to continue impressment.
In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain.
Native Americans began new attacks on settlers. 63

64. America Britain France
The war did not come at a good time for the British, who were still at war in Europe.
America
Britain
France
However, Britain refused to meet American demands to avoid war. 64

65. Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the military.
Americans were confident that they would win the war. However, the U.S. was not prepared.
Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the military.
The navy had only 16 warships ready for action.
The army had fewer than 7,000 soldiers. 65

66. The War of 1812 was fought on several fronts.
One important area was along the Atlantic coast. 66

67. The ship’s thick wooden hull earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides.”
In August 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerrière in the North Atlantic.
The ship’s thick wooden hull earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides.” 67

68. Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end.
Despite the victory of the Constitution, Britain was able to set up a blockade of the American coast.
Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end. 68

69. The Great Lakes and the Mississippi River were also important fronts.69

70. Both sides won key battles during the war in the West.
In July 1812, the British defeated American troops in Canada. They captured over 2,000 U.S. soldiers.
In 1813, U.S. troops led by Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Lake Erie at the Battle of Put-In-Bay. 70

71. The British were forced to retreat back into Canada.
Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory at Lake Erie was a key victory for the Americans.
The British were forced to retreat back into Canada.
U.S. troops pursued and defeated the British in the Battle of the Thames. 71

72. Native Americans suffered defeat both in Canada and in the South.
The treaty that ended the fighting forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land.
In March 1814, U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated Creek warriors at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Georgia. 72

73. Britain America Britain France
In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon.
Britain
America
Britain
France
This allowed Britain to send many more troops to fight against America. 73

74. As the war dragged on, Federalists expressed their opposition by calling it “Mr. Madison’s War.”
Many New Englanders opposed the war, because the British blockade was hurting their trade. 74

75. In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at the Hartford Convention suggested that New England secede from the United States.
United States
New England

76. The British made their final attacks in 1814.
In August 1814, they attacked Washington, D.C.
The President fled; the capitol was burned.
On September 13, they moved on to Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
Americans won this battle, which also inspired the U.S. national anthem. 76

77. Returned things to the way they had been before the war
Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve, 1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent.
Treaty of Ghent
Before this news reached the U.S., Americans won a final victory in the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815.
Ended the war
Returned things to the way they had been before the war 77

78. Effects of the End of the War of 1812
The Hartford Convention ended quickly.
Americans felt pride and confidence.
The United States had secured independence from Britain once and for all. 78