1. Gregor Mendel bred pea plants and observed their characteristics such as shape, color, etc.

2.  To go through Sexual reproduction, organisms need to use meiosis to create sex cells  Asexual Reproduction-not combining genetic material from two different sexes, usually creating exact copy

3.  Fertilization – joining male & female reproductive cells  Self pollination – pollen from one plant fertilizes egg cell from the same plant  Pure breed (true-breeding) – if self pollination produces offspring identical to the parent  Cross pollination – pollen from one plant fertilizes egg of another plant

4.  GENETICS – scientific study of heredity   P generation – parent generation  F1 – first filial – offspring of the P generation  F2 – second filial – offspring of the F1

5.  Dominant – allele shows up alone  Recessive – hidden allele unless there are 2  Genotype – genetic makeup (alleles)  Phenotype – physical appearance  Homozygous – 2 same alleles  Heterozygous – 2 different alleles  Y=yellow  yy=green  YY or yy or Yy  Yellow or green  yy or YY YyYy

6. How to Punnett

7.  Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive but are controlled by other factors  Such as  Incomplete dominance  Codominance  Multiple alleles

8.  One allele is not dominant over the other, instead the heterozygous genotype shows an intermediate phenotype

9. Traits are not dominant or recessive. The traits “blend” together to make a new color/trait.

10.  In the heterozygous genotype, both alleles are seen

11. Black Feathered Chicken White feathered chicken Checkered feather chicken

12.  Some genes have more than 2 possible alleles  The INDIVIDUAL only carries 2 alleles though

13.  A trait controlled by 2 or more genes with a wide variety of phenotypes

14. The trait is carried on the sex –chromosome (x- chromosome) so the inheritance is different for males and females. Males inherit one gene from mother on X chromosome and an unaffected Y from father. Females inherit an X from their father and an X from their mother.

15. H=normal h= hemophilia Sex linked=only on X chromosome More common in males? Females?

17.  Process of change in a species over time  Charles Darwin – theory of evolution by natural selection  Populations change in response to environmental pressures and they become adapted to new conditions and they change over time.

18. Natural Selection

22. Adaptation – any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce (it’s advantageous)

23. Microorganisms under stress have more mutations and therefore evolve

24. Morphological Species Concept Biological Species Concept

30.  Separating 2 populations further and further until they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring  Therefore going through speciation and forming a new species.

31.  Physical boundary

32.  Occurs (one way) because species mate at different times

33.  Differences in behavior, courtship, coloring, morphology, etc.  In the case pictured, the species became isolated by the food they became accustomed to eating.

36.  Fossils  Biogeography  Homologous structures  Analogous structures  Vestigial structures  Embryology  Genetics and molecular biology

37.  Record shows that species have gradually changed over time

38.  Distribution of life forms over a geographical area  Similar species share a common time & place

39.  Inherited and shared by related species

40.  Body parts that share a common function but NOT a common structure

41.  Inherited from ancestors but have lost all or most of their original function

42.  Similar patterns of embryological development

43.  Genes nearly identical in almost all organisms

45.  Ecology – study of how organisms interact with each other and their environments

46.  BIOTIC – living or used to be living  Ex: bear, oak tree, bacteria, dead leaf  ABIOTIC – never been living  Ex.: sun, wind, rocks, water

47.  Heterotrophs – consumers of energy  Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary  Autotrophs – producers of energy  Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

49.  Food Web Depicts the flow of energy through an ecosystem Where do the decomposers belong?

50.  Detritivore  Consume non-living organic matter, such as leaf litter, waste products, dead bodies  AKA scavengers  Examples: millipedes, condors  Decomposer  Breaks down non- living matter into simpler parts that can be reused.  Examples: bacteria, fungi

51.  Trophic level – feeding level of an organism  Amount of available energy decreases as you move up in trophic level (10% Rule)

54.  If you recall the nitrogen cycle, only bacteria can convert nitrogen gas to a useable form, conversely, they are also the only organisms that can return it to the atmosphere.

55.  An increase in the algae population in a body of water is referred to as an algal bloom.  This is not good for the other organisms living in that type of ecosystem. The water is difficult to see through, and the algae use all the dissolved oxygen so fish can no longer breath

56.  habitat = food, water, space, shelter, required for an organism to live  Niche = how organisms use its habitat to survive and reproduce  Resources = necessity of life; water, nutrients, light, food, space  Limiting factor = any chemical or physical factor that limit the existence, growth, abundance or distribution of an individual or population

57.  Organisms of the same of different species attempt to use the same resource in the same place at the same time

58.  Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds (predator) on another (prey)

59.  Relationship in which 2 organisms live closely together

60.  One organism (parasite) relies on another (host) for nourishment or other benefit

61.  2 or more species benefit Blind pistol shrimp dig burrows for goby fish who keep watch over them

62.  Relationship where one species benefits and another is unaffected

63.  Endemic  Species found in its originating location and is generally restricted to that geographical area  Non-Native Species  Normally living outside a distribution range that has been introduced through either deliberate or accidental human activity  Can become INVASIVE

65.  Threatened – decrease in numbers could become endangered if no actions are taken  Endangered – population is dropping, may become extinct  Extinct – completely disappears from its area on the planet

66.  A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time

74. 1. 2. Genetically engineer plants to taste bad to organisms

76.  Get a good night’s sleep!  Eat a healthy breakfast (or a pop tart)  Read all directions and answer the question they ask! Trust your instincts!!!