1. Mineral Resources and Mining13
CHAPTER
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2. Mining for Cell Phones?
Large reserves of the metal tantalum are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa.
Tantalum jumped in value in the 1990s as high-tech devices that need tantalum, such as cell phones, became common.
There is international concern regarding the role tantalum mining has played in the extended conflict in the Congo.
Talk About It Is it important to think about the sources of the minerals we use?

3. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust.
Amethyst

4. Definite Chemical Composition
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
What Are Minerals?
Minerals are:
_______
________ (no C-H bonds)
__________
______
With a ___________________________*
*Can vary over a limited range that does not affect the crystal structure
Natural
Inorganic
Crystalline
Pyrite (Fool’s Gold)
Solid
Definite Chemical Composition

5. What Are Minerals? Inorganic __________ substances are not made of
_____________ or the ________ of living
things. *No Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds
Living Things
Remains
NOR

6. What Are Minerals? Element
A mineral may be an _________ (Native element, Ex.: ________).
A mineral may be a ___________ (Ex.: _______---SiO2)
The two most abundant elements found in minerals are ________ and _______.
Copper
Compound
Quartz
Silicon
Oxygen

7. Mineral or NOT Steel Not a mineral. Man-made Lumber Not a mineral
Organic
Coal
Not a mineral
Organic

8. Mineral or NOT Oil “Hope Diamond” Not a mineral Mineral
Liquid and Organic
“Hope Diamond”
Mineral

9. Properties of Minerals
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Properties of Minerals
Property
Description
Color
A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form.
Streak
The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not.
Luster
How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc.
Crystal
A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms.
Hardness
Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1– = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals.
Cleavage
A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new “face” is said to have cleavage.
Fracture
Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, have fracture, not cleavage.
Density
Each mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

10. Same Mineral Different Colors
Least Useful Property
____________________ in mineral identification
Small amounts of different __________ or formation conditions can give the ________________________. Ex. Quartz
Elements
Same Mineral Different Colors

11. different minerals are the same color
Some ________________________________.
different minerals are the same color
All of these minerals have a green color however, they are all very different.
Calcite
Fluorite
Smithsonite

12. Streak Powdered Color Streak
The color of a mineral in its ____________ form.
The ________ of a mineral can vary from sample to sample, but the _________ doesn’t. Ex. Hematite
Color
Streak
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13. Luster
Light
Used to describe how _____ is reflected from the surface of a mineral.
Luster can be _______ or __________.
Metallic
Non-Metallic

14. Luster Glassy Quartz – _______ Luster Mica – _______ Luster
Kaolin – _______ Luster
Gypsum (satin spar) – _____ Luster
Talc – _____ Luster
Glassy
Pearly
Earthy
Silky
Waxy

15. Crystal Structure internal arrangement of atoms Crystal Room
The visible expression of a mineral’s _________ _______________________.
Every mineral has a distinct ________ form.
Usually only happens when there is enough _______ to grow.
Ex. Cubic: Calcite
arrangement of atoms
Crystal
Room

16. Hardness Resistance Scratched Mohs Talc Diamond
A measure of the ____________ of a mineral to being ____________.
Standard scale of hardness called the ______ Hardness Scale (scale of 1-10; 10 is hardest).
______ is softest and ___________ is the hardest.
Scratched
Mohs
Talc
Diamond

17. Hardness

18. Breakage Cleavage Flat, Even
___________ - the tendency of a mineral to cleave or break along __________ surfaces.
Ex. Mica—cleaves along one flat plane (breaks the silicon-oxygen bond)
Flat, Even

19. Breakage Fracture Uneven breakage Curved Splinter into fibers
2. _________-the _________________ of a mineral.
Minerals that break into smooth, __________ surfaces (Ex. Quartz) show conchoidal fracture
Some minerals _____________________ (Ex. Asbestos)
Some minerals have an ___________ fracture
Uneven breakage
Curved
Splinter into fibers
Irregular

20. Density _____________(D = M/V)
The density of a pure mineral is a __________.
Mass per Volume
Constant value

21. Crystallization from magma or lava
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Formation
Minerals can form in four ways:
______________________________
_________ (inside the Earth) cools slowly and forms large crystals
_______ (on Earth’s surface) cools quickly and forms small crystals
________________ – a liquid in a solution evaporates & the remaining solids crystalize
Crystallization from magma or lava
Magma
Lava
Precipitation
Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading.

22. Temperature & Pressure
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Formation
Minerals can form in four ways:
3) ____________________________
Great changes in temperature or pressure may cause one mineral to change into another
_____________ – minerals which consist of the same ____________ but have difference __________ structures due to different formation conditions
Ex. ____________ (formed in the mantle) & _____________ (formed in the crust)
Temperature & Pressure
Polymorph
Elements
Crystal
Diamond
Graphite

23. Mineral Formation Produced by Organisms Support Calcium Carbonate
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Formation
Minerals can form in four ways:
4) __________________________
Organisms form inorganic minerals to produce hard structures that provide protection or ___________
Ex. _______________________ in Shells & Coral & Calcium Phosphate in fish bones
Produced by Organisms
Support
Calcium Carbonate

24. Mineral Classes Elements
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Classes
Elements
Minerals are classified based on their ____________ or compounds.

25. Rocks Made up of Minerals One Type Different NOT MADE UP
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Rocks
Rocks are naturally occurring solids ________________________ and mineral-like materials
Rocks can be made up of ___________ of mineral or many ____________ types of minerals (and mineral-like materials)
A mineral is ______ a rock, rocks are _____________ of minerals
Made up of Minerals
One Type
Different
NOT
MADE UP

26. Rocks Rock Cycle Heating Weathering
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Rocks
Rock Cycle
The ____________ slowly changes rocks from one type to another through ________, melting, cooling, _____________, and erosion.
Three types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Heating
Weathering
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28. _______ rocks are formed from the __________________.
Igneous Rocks
_______ rocks are formed from the __________________.
Igneous
Cooling of Liquid Rock

29. Igneous Rocks Intrusive Deep Beneath Large Granite
2 Main Types of Igneous Rocks:
1) ___________ igneous rocks
Form ________________the surface and have been cooling for millions of years.
These rocks are characterized by _______ crystals.
Ex. _________
Intrusive
Deep Beneath
Large
Granite

30. Igneous Rocks Extrusive Surface Cools Rapidly Obsidian or Pumice
2 Main Types of Igneous Rocks:
2) ____________ igneous rocks –
Form on the __________ of the earth.
When lava erupts out of a volcano it ________________ and there is little to no crystal growth.
Ex. _____________________
Extrusive
Surface
Cools Rapidly
Obsidian or Pumice

31. Igneous Rocks

33. Sedimentary Rocks Accumulation Sediment Rocks Minerals
Made from an _______________ of various types of ______________.
What is sediment?
Fragments that result from the weathering of ______, ___________, and ___________________.
Ex. Gravel, clay, silt, pebbles, sand, mud, shells, dirt
Sediment
Rocks
Minerals
Organic Material

34. Sedimentary Rocks Under Water Limestone
Most sedimentary rocks form _______________.
Ex. ____________
Limestone
Limestone is a rock that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. It can form organically from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also form chemically from the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water. Limestone is used in many ways. Some of the most common are: production of cement, crushed stone and acid neutralization
Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food.

35. Sedimentary Rocks Compaction Water & Air Cementation Cement Sediments
Sedimentary Rock Forms Through These 4 Processes:
1) _____________: sediments are pushed together and as a result, ___________ are squeezed out.
2) ______________: water passes through the sediments and dissolved minerals left behind act as a ________ to hold the ___________ together.
Compaction
Water & Air
Cementation
Cement
Sediments

36. Sedimentary Rocks Precipitation Clump Together Evaporation
Sedimentary Rock Forms Through These 4 Processes:
3) _____________: minerals ______________ and fall out of solution
4) _____________: Water evaporates and leaves ____________________ behind.
Precipitation
Clump Together
Evaporation
Dissolved Minerals

37. Sedimentary Rock Clastic Other Rocks Weathered Sandstone Shale
There are 3 types of sedimentary rock:
1) __________:
Formed from fragments of _______________ which have been ______________ and eroded
Ex. _____________ (sand) & ________ (silt or clay)
Clastic
Other Rocks
Weathered
Sandstone
Shale

38. Sedimentary Rock Chemical Dissolved Settle Evaporates
There are 3 types of sedimentary rock:
2) ______________:
Formed from minerals that were once _______________ in water.
Either the minerals “________” out of the water (precipitates) or the water _______________ leaving the minerals behind (evaporites)
Ex. Chemical Limestone (CaCO3)
Gypsum (CaSO4), halite (NaCl)
Chemical
Dissolved
Settle
Evaporates

39. Sedimentary Rock Biochemical Animals Plants
There are 3 types of sedimentary rock:
3) ________________
Formed from the remains or traces of _____________ and/or __________
Ex. Coal (plants), chalk (animal skeletons), organic limestone (shells-CaCO3)
Biochemical
Animals
Plants

40. White Chalk Cliff in Dover, England

41. Sedimentary Rocks Stratification Kind Features:
________________: (aka. Layering) occurs when there is a change in the _______ of sediment deposited.
Ex. Grand Canyon
Stratification
Kind

43. Sedimentary Rocks Ripple Marks Wind or Water Features:
_________________: formed from the action of __________________ on sand (seen in sandstone)
Ripple Marks
Wind or Water
Ripple marks in sedimentary rock were emplaced in sediments by near shore wave action, covered by additional sediments, and eventually lithified into a solid rock which becomes exposed by weathering and erosion of overlying material over large expanses of time. 

44. Sedimentary Rocks Fossils Features:
__________: remains or traces of plants and/or animals
Fossils

45. Metamorphic Rocks Other Rocks Pressure Heat Below the Surface
Rock formed from ________________ (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) as a result of intense ________ (from magma) and _____________ (plate tectonics).
Most metamorphic rock forms _____________________ of the earth.
Heat
Pressure
Below the Surface

46. Contact
__________ metamorphism occurs when the heat from hot magma changes the composition of surrounding rocks.
___________ metamorphism occurs over large areas of
tectonic activity.
Regional

47. Metamorphic rocks are classified according to their _______.
Foliated or Nonfoliated?
Structure

48. Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Pressure Parallel Densities
____________ flattens the mineral crystals and pushes them into ___________ bands.
Minerals with different _______________ separate into different bands
EX. Slate, schist, gneiss
Pressure
Parallel
Densities

49. No Visible Parallel Bands
Metamorphic Rocks
Nonfoliated
______________________________
EX. Quartzite, marble
No Visible Parallel Bands
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. 

50. Metamorphic Rocks Parent Rocks Shale (sedimentary) → Slate
Slate (metamorphic) → Schist
Schist (metamorphic) → Gneiss
Granite (igneous) → Gneiss
Limestone (sedimentary) → Marble
Sandstone (sedimentary) → Quartz

51. Shale Slate Schist
Gneiss

54. Lesson Mining
More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.

55. What Is Mined? Groups of Minerals Metal Gemstones & Sand
Lesson 13.2 Mining
What Is Mined?
Groups of Minerals
Ores: ______________________ that are mined so ________ or metals can be removed
Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals that as a whole have valuable properties Ex. _____________________
Fuels: Minerals that can be used to _________________ Ex. Coal & Uranium
Metal
Gemstones & Sand
Generate Energy

56. Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involves many steps.

57. Mining Methods Strip Mining Surface Soil & Rock Shallow, Horizontal
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Strip Mining
Surface Soil & Rock
_______________ – layers of ______________________ are removed from large areas of land to expose a resource
Used when a resource occurs in _____________________ deposits
Used for coal, sand & gravel
Shallow, Horizontal

58. Mining Methods Subsurface Mining Horizontal Tunnels Deep Underground
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
2) ______________________ – vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground & networks of ______________________ are dug of blasted out to follow deposits of a resource
Used when resources are concentrated in pockets or seams _______________________
Subsurface Mining
Horizontal Tunnels
Deep Underground
Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground.

59. Mining Methods Open Pit Mining Large Hole Widely & Evenly
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Open Pit Mining
Large Hole
3) ___________________ – digging a ______________ and removing ore and the unwanted rock that surrounds the ore
Used when a mineral is ____________________ distributed throughout a rock formation or when the ground is unsuitable for tunneling
Widely & Evenly

60. Mining Methods Mountaintop Removal Blasted Away Hundreds Coal
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Mountaintop Removal
4) __________________________ – forests are clear cut, topsoil is removed and rock is ________________ to expose a resource.
Repeated cycles of blasting can remove ____________ of feet of mountaintop
Used primarily for ______
Blasted Away
Hundreds
Coal

61. Mining Methods Solution Mining Leach Salt
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Solution Mining
5) __________________– a chemical solution or water is pumped into a mine to _________ the desired resource out of an ore
Mostly used to remove _____
Leach
Salt

62. Mining Methods Placer Mining Riverbed California Gold Rush
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Placer Mining
6) ________________ – sifting through material in modern or ancient ____________ deposits
Running water is used to separate mud from valuable minerals
Ex. ________________________ of 1849
Riverbed
California Gold Rush

63. Mining Methods Undersea Mining Undersea Dredging Hydrothermal
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Undersea Mining
7) ____________________ – mining that takes place _____________
Includes ____________(vacuuming up materials)
Exploration of _________________ vents
Undersea
Dredging
Hydrothermal

64. Processing Ore Ore is crushed Metals & Tailings One Ton
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Processing Ore
Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain:
_________________ & ground.
Crushed ore is separated into _______________________
*Tailing – waste product
The extraction of a few hundredths of an ounce of gold can produce ____________ of tailings
Ore is crushed
Metals & Tailings
One Ton

65. Processing Ore Smelting Melting
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Processing Ore
Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain:
3) Concentrated metals are further processed, often by ______________.
*Smelting – heating ore beyond its _________ point
Smelting
Melting

66. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
There are about $314 million worth of metals contained in unused cell phones in the United States alone.

67. Environmental Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Environmental Impacts of Mining
Erosion
Increased __________
Sediment and debris ____________________.
______ drainage – when _______________ in rocks is exposed to oxygen and water it can form ________________ which leaches off metals and washes into waterways
___________________ – tailings leak out of impoundments or dams
_______________
Disruption of _________ ecosystems (undersea mining)
Clog Waterways
Acid
Iron Sulfide
Sulfuric Acid
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Ocean

68. Acid Drainage and the Metals it Leaches Off

69. Social Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Social Impacts of Mining
Mountain Removal
Property damage caused by _______________________ or mine collapse

70. Social Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Social Impacts of Mining
Money & Jobs
Although mining can bring _________________ to poor areas of the world, ____________________ can arise over mineral rights.
Ex. Diamonds in West Africa
Violent Conflicts

71. Social Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Social Impacts of Mining
Health
Mining can be hazardous to the _________ of the miners.
Ex. ____________________________________________________
Black Lung Disease & Mine Collapse

72. General Mining Law of 1872 Regulate Promoted Metallic
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
General Mining Law of 1872
Regulate
Created rules to __________ mining activity, but also ___________ mining
Governs the mining of ___________ minerals (gold), uranium, materials used for building & diamonds
Public land can be claimed and leased from the government for mining by:
A ___________________________________
A person who has declared intent to become a citizen
A ______________ with permission to do business in the US
Promoted
Metallic
US Citizen of Legal Age
Company

73. General Mining Law of 1872 NOT Profits Earned $5 per acre
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
General Mining Law of 1872
Whoever holds the lease has the sole right to minerals taken from the claimed area
Lease holder does ______ have to pay the government any part of the ___________________ from the land
Claim owners can file to patent, or own, the land for __________________
Amendments are currently being considered
NOT
Profits Earned
$5 per acre
20 acres can be claimed for mining as long as $100/year is spent

74. Rental Fees & Royalties
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Mining Leasing Act of 1920
Fossil Fuels
Developed due to the discovered worth of ______________
Governs the leasing of public lands for fossil fuel, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur mining.
Annuals ___________________________ are on the products extracted must be payed by the people who lease land for this purpose
Rental Fees & Royalties

75. Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (1977)
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (1977)
Land must be ____________ after a mining operation is complete
Mining companies must post bonds to cover reclamation costs _______________________a mining operation
Companies must:
Remove ________________ built
Replace the rocks and soil that were removed
Fill in _________
Plant vegetation
Even when all of the requirements are met, the land is still not _____________________ prior to mining
Restored
Prior to Beginning
Structures
Shaft
Exactly like it was

76. Reclamation

77. http://www. energie-as

78. http://worldcoir. files. wordpress. com/2010/02/ex-mining-reclamations

79. Mine Safety Ventilation Under 12 29 Miners
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Mine Safety
First law, passed in 1891, established ______________ requirements for coal mines and prohibited miners ___________.
Today, the Federal Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977 regulates mine safety.
In 2010, an underground explosion in a West Virginia mine killed _____________.
Ventilation
Under 12
29 Miners

80. Responsible Mineral Use
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Responsible Mineral Use
Nonrenewable
Minerals are __________________ resources.
Reducing use, reusing, and recycling minerals can help minimize the negative impacts of mining and address limited supplies.
Did You Know? Extracting aluminum ore takes 20 times more energy than obtaining it from recycled sources.