1. Unit 12: Abnormal Psychology

2. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

3. Questions… How should we define psychological disorders?
How should we understand disorders?
How should we classify psychological disorders?

4. Diagnosing & Treatment Psychological Perspectives

5. Defining Psychological Disorders
Deviant (different) behavior (from one’s culture)
Distressful behavior
Harmful dysfunctional behavior (impair your life)
Definition varies by context/culture
wartime
talking to dead
homosexuality
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

6. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model
…led to harsh and ineffective remedial treatment
Demon possession as cause for mental illness
Philippe Pinel ( )
reform inhumane conditions of mentally ill patients
Medical model
Idea that mental illness has physical causes that can be diagnosed based on symptoms & sometimes cured through therapy in a hospital.
psychopathology
Syphilis…
Medical model – biological based
Current genetic research supports medical model in that there are genetic abnormalities in brain structure and biochemistry that contribute to disorders.

7. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach
Interaction of nature & nurture
Influence of culture on disorders
Why would it be difficult to explain anorexia nervosa occurring mostly in Western cultures in terms of the medical model?
self-focused rumination
rejection from others
low serotonin levels
All behavior, normal or disordered, arises from interaction of nature and nurture

8. The Biopsychosocial Approach to Psychological Disorders

9. Classifying Psychological Disorders
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
DSM-IV-TR
DSM-5 (last year)
International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)

10. 60 disorder categories in 1950s vs. 400 today
Why is the DSM good?
Advantages of the medical model & diagnostic labels:
reliability of diagnoses by different psychologists (83%)
Focuses treatment
Help mental health professionals communicate about patient
60 disorder categories in 1950s vs. 400 today

11. Classifying Psychological Disorders

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders

14. Classifying Psychological Disorders

15. Classifying Psychological Disorders

16. Classifying Psychological Disorders

17. Classifying Psychological Disorders

18. 1._______describes physical disorders, such as high blood pressure, that may accompany a psychological disorder.
2. The purpose of ______is to estimate the extent to which a person's quality of life has been compromised by a psychological disorder.
3. Personality disorders are described by ____
____contains information relating to the severity of stress that a person experiences while suffering from a psychological disorder.
5. The major clinical syndromes from which a person might be suffering are described by ____
_____ describes person's overall level of psychological, social, and occupational functioning.
7. Eating and sleep disorders are described by ____ .
8. ______ relates to the source, severity, and duration of stress that may accompany a psychological disorder.
9. ____ would be particularly relevant in assessing an individual who suffers from persistent lying and stealing, lack of empathy for others, lack of guilt for committing misdeeds, and poor self-control.
10. That a person who is being assessed for a psychological disorder also suffers from dizziness and ringing in the ears would be noted using ____.
Axis III
Axis V
Axis II
Axis IV
Axis I
Axis V
Axis I
AxisIV
Axis II
Axis III

19. Labeling Psychological Disorders
Rosenhan’s study
Power of labels
preconception can stigmatize
Stereotypes of the mentally ill
Mental illness seldom leads to violence
Self-fulfilling prophecy
gifted, extroverted, nasty
Reported to a hospital complaining of hearing voices; otherwise acted normal. Misdiagnosed w/ disorder.
In the 19 days the “patients” were admitted, they exhibited no further symptoms but clinicians “discovered” causes of disorder
If someone swallows blood, goes to ER and spits it up – blame dr for misdiagnosis of bleeding ulcer?

20. Anxiety Disorders

21. Anxiety Disorders
Feeling & cognition
Anxiety disorders – distressing persistent anxiety / maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder

22. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
No physical problem but can manifest itself physically or lead to physical problem
2/3 women
Continual worry
Cannot identify cause
Free floating anxiety
Often accompanied by depression

23. Panic Disorder Panic disorder Panic attacks
Strikes suddenly, minutes long, intense dread
Heart palpitations, shortness of breath, choking sensations, trembling or dizzy

24. Go to lengths to avoid situation
Phobias
Phobias
Irrational fear causes person to avoid some object, activity or situation
Specific phobia
Focus on animals, insects, heights, small spaces – specific trigger
Social phobia
Agoraphobia
Fear of situations where escape may be impossible or where panic attack happened before
Go to lengths to avoid situation

25. Phobias

26. Phobias

27. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Consistently interfere with everyday
An obsession vs a compulsion
Hoarders
Checkers
Counters
Cleaners

28. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

29. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

30. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

31. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

32. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

33. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD
Numbed social withdrawal, anxiety, insomnia
“shellshock” or “battle fatigue”
Not just due to a war situation
10%-32%
Greater one’s stress during event
Sensitive limbic system (stress hormones)
1/10 women & 1/20 men
Post-traumatic growth
“benefit finding”
Wartorn (HBO) Part1/5

34. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Learning Perspective
Two ways to understand anxiety disorders:
Learning Perspective
Biological Perspective
Fear conditioning
Anxious people are hyperactive to possible threats
Stimulus generalization
Reinforcement
Observational learning
Parents communicate fear to children

35. Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Biological Perspective
Natural selection
Phobias focus on fears faced by our ancestors/compulsive acts exaggerate behaviors that helped survival
Genes
Runs in families / identical twins
anxiety gene
Glutamate & Serotonin
The Brain
Overarousal in brain areas – impulse control & habitual behaviors
Anterior cingulate cortex (frontal lobe) / (amygdala)
Seretonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SRI)

36. Anxiety Disorders Case Studies Answers
GAD
Panic Attacks w/ Agoraphobia
Specific Phobia
OCD
PTSD
OCD
Agoraphobia
GAD
Social Phobia
PTSD

37. Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorder (2:03)
Conversion Disorder (2:03)
Conversion Disorder Today Show

38. Somatoform disorder
Disorder takes a bodily form w/o apparent physical cause
Conversion disorder
Anxiety converted into physical symptoms
Hypochondriasis
Interpret normal physical sensation as disease
move from dr. to dr. (reinforcing)
Munchasuen (Munchasuen by Proxy) factitious disorders

39. Dissociative Disorders
Intro to DID – Inside (5:05)

40. Dissociative disorders
Conscious awareness becomes dissociated (separate) from previous memories, thoughts, feelings
Fugue state
couple hours – days; travel; new identity
Dissociative Amnesia
Unable to remember information about oneself
No organic cause
Dissociative Identity Disorder
2 or more separate identities rule behavior

41. Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
Genuine disorder or not?
losing oneself in a role?
hypnotizable
DID rates
1930s-60s = 2 per decade
1980s = 20,000
Therapist’s creation?
Handedness & Shifting visual acuity
Brain activity is different
Result of trauma (PTSD/Freud) or reinforcing b/c reduces anxiety?

42. Mood Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rxeFgKIS9s
Brain Imaging
Synapse Review

43. Mood disorders – emotional extremes
Major depressive disorder
2+ weeks of depressed mood, worthlessness, diminished interest
Phobias more common / depression #1 reason to seek help
13% US adults / women 2xs as likely
Bipolar disorder (formerly manic-depressive)
Alternate between hopelessness & lethargy of depression & overexcited mania

44. Major Depressive Disorder
Lethargy
Feelings of worthlessness
Loss of interest in family and friends
Loss of interest in activities
At least 5 symptoms present for 2 weeks not caused by drugs or medical condition
Hopelessness, suicidal thoughts, poor concentration, sleep disorders
Dysthymic Disorder – depressive state lasting more than 2 yrs.

45. Major Depressive Disorder

46. Major Depressive Disorder

47. Major Depressive Disorder
Doesn’t happen in depths of depression when so fatigued. Younger people – usually see drugs & alcohol & a traumatic trigger
Women more likely to attempt, men more likely to succeed

48. Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Mania (manic)
Diagnosis of young boys has skyrocketed
Afflicts men & women equally in adults.
Bipolar Disorder
Mania (manic)
Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc.
Bipolar disorder and creativity

49. Objective 10: Understanding Mood Disorders
Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression
Trapped in unmotivated, negative mood
Depression is widespread
Maybe causes are common too, then
Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression
Women more vulnerable to disorders involving internal states
Women get sadder / Men get madder
Most major depressive episodes self-terminate
50% relapse in 2 yrs
Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often precede depression
Less than 1% risk if no stressful life event
With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people
Authentic but today’s young people more willing to seek help

50. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective
Genetic Influences
Mood disorders run in families
Heritability (35-40%)
Linkage analysis – chromosome neighborhood
The depressed brain
Less activity in left frontal lobe (more active while manic)
Hippocampus (memory) vulnerable to stress
Biochemical influences
Norepinephrine and serotonin
SSRI
Zoloft / Prozac / Paxil
Increases arousal & boosts mood – nicotine increases (smokers)
Increases arousal & boosts mood

51. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective

52. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective

53. Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective

54. Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact
Self-defeating beliefs
Learned helplessness
Overthinking (women) - ruminate
Explanatory style –who do you blame failures on
Stable, global, internal explanations
Cause versus indictor of depression?
xxx

55. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

56. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

57. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

58. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

59. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

60. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

61. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

62. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style

63. Understanding Mood Disorders Explanatory Style
Successful Coping
DEPRESSION

64. Understanding Mood Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Depression’s Vicious Cycle
Stressful experience
Negative explanatory style
Depressed mood
Cognitive and behavioral changes

65. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

66. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

67. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

68. Understanding Mood Disorders The Vicious Cycle of Depression

69. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

70. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

71. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

72. Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

73. Mood Disorders: Soc-Cog Causes Practice MC QuestionsB C D
Stable / Global / Internal = Depression
Temporary / Specific / External = Successful Coping

74. Childhood Schizophrenia (4:59)
Childhood Schizophrenia (4:59)

75. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (split mind)
Group of disorders characterized by disorganized & delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, & inappropriate emotions & actions
Not multiple personalities
1 in 100
24 million world wide
David Berkowitz
John Hinkley
Mark David Chapman

76. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized thinking
Delusions
Delusions of persecution
Delusions of grandeur
Paranoid
“Word Salad”
Breakdown in selective attention
The sheep languished blue trains suffer
Run desk making dinner sunglasses menu
Dogs sleep chicken pencil trees
Garbage pink composition solely bags speak deodorant
Horse paper handbags skipping forests play together

77. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disturbed perceptions
Hallucinations
Sensory experience w/o sensory stimulation
hearing voices
Virtual Reality Hallucination (3:40 – start at :34

78. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Inappropriate Emotions
Flat affect
Emotionless state
Inappropriate Actions
Catatonia
Motionless for hours / agitated
Senseless compulsive acts
Disruptive social behavior

79. Types of Schizophrenia

80. Types of Schizophrenia

81. Types of Schizophrenia

82. Types of Schizophrenia

83. Types of Schizophrenia

84. Types of Schizophrenia

85. Onset and Development 1 in 100 No cultural boundaries
Male & females equally (men=severe & earlier)
Onset:
18 (men) early 20’s (women)
Some suddenly appear
Some gradual
Positive vs. negative symptoms
+ symptoms that are in ADDITION to normal behavior (delusions, hallucinations, erratic emotions)
Chronic (process) schizophrenia
Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

86. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities
1. Dopamine Overactivity
Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor
Dopamine blocking drugs
Glutamate
Excitatory
Not enough glutamate =
negative sypmtoms

87. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities
2. Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy
Frontal lobe & core brain activity
less activity
Active during hallucinations
Fluid filled areas of the brain
Surrounding cerebral tissue is smaller (thalamus)

88. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities
3. Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Influence of the flu during pregnancy
Winter & Spring births higher risk
Flu during 2nd trimester
Fetal virus plays a contributing role to development of schizophrenia
98% of women who get flu during 2nd trimester DO NOT have offspring w/ schizophrenia

89. Understanding Schizophrenia
4. Genetic predisposition
1 in 100 odds – 1 in 10 w/sibling or parent w/ disorder
1 in 2 if identical twin has schiz. (even when reared apart)
Adopted children don’t “catch” the disorder
Gene may get “turned-on” or not depending on environment
Fraternal twins = 1 in 10 (don’t share a placenta)
Odds of any 4 people picked at random all beirng diagnosed w/ schiz. Is 1 in 100 million. Genetically identical Genanin sisters all have the disease

90. Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors
Possible warning signs
Mother severely schizophrenic
Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation)
Separation from parents
Short attention span
Poor muscle coordination
Disruptive or withdrawn behavior
Emotional unpredictability
Poor peer relations and solo play

91. Personality Disorders
Charles Manson
Jeffery Dahmer

92. Personality Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
Anxiety cluster
avoidant personality – fearful of rejection
Eccentric cluster
emotionless disengagement – schizoid per.
Dramatic/impulsive cluster
histrionic pers. - attention getting
Self-focused /Self-inflating cluster
narcissistic

93. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Sociopath or psychopath
Typically male
Before 15
Lower reaction to stress
Unconcerned w/ social rewards
drugs& alcohol
frontal lobe

94. Rates of Disorder

95. Rates of Disorder Mental health statistics Influence of poverty
Other factors

96. 01. OCD
02. Conversion Disorder
03. Phobia
04. Dissociative Fugue
05. OCD
06. Panic Disorder
07. Phobia
08. Dissociative Amnesia
09. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
10. Conversion Disorder
11. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
12. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
13. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
14. Dissociative Amnesia
15. Conversion Disorder
16. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

97. Major Depression
Paranoid Schiz.
Disorganized Schiz.
Bipolar
Catatonic Schiz.

98. The End

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100. Teacher Information
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102. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
xxx

103. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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104. Definition Slide
= add definition here

105. Definition Slides

106. Psychological Disorder
= deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

107. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

108. Medical Model
= the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

109. DSM-IV-TR
= the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated as of 2000 “text revision”; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

110. Anxiety Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

111. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
= an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

112. Panic Disorder
= an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

113. Phobia
= an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

114. Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
= an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

115. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
= an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

116. Post-traumatic Growth
= positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

117. Somatoform Disorder
= psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

118. Conversion Disorder
= a rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found.

119. Hypochondriasis
= a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease.

120. Dissociative Disorders
= disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

121. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
= a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

122. Mood Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

123. Major Depressive Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

124. Mania
= a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

125. Bipolar Disorder
= a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

126. Schizophrenia
= a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

127. Delusions
= false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

128. Personality Disorders
= psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

129. Antisocial Personality Disorder
= a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.