1. Student Presentations on Physical, Oceanic, and Meteorological properties of oceans and how they affect navigation.

2. Waves When directly generated and affected by local winds, a wind wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow, wind waves are called swells. More generally, a swell consists of wind generated waves that are not significantly affected by the local wind at that time. They have been created elsewhere or a long time ago. Wind waves on the ocean are called ocean waves. These wind waves can also have a negative effect, where on an aircraft carrier it can ruin a landing by setting the boat off course.

3. Distance Waves create more distance to travel. The larger the wave the farther you must travel which uses more fuel and takes longer to get to you destination.

4. Speed Waves create friction, causing more resistance which slows down your top speed. Which makes you burn more fuel and increase your travel and time.

5. Conclusion Waves cause you to exert energy which uses more fuel which costs more money and causes you to get to your destination slower.

6. Wind Q:What is Wind? A:The movement of air from areas of higher pressure to lower areas of pressure. Wind direction is defined by the direction it is coming from

7. Wind Q: How does Wind affect the waves and the water in the Ocean/Sea? A: The wind can move the waves and the water and it can be very strong that Wind can form into further consequences such as Hurricanes or Tidal waves / Tsunami

8. Wind Q: How are waves driven by wind? A: Wind can drive waves at anytime and anywhere. It can be unexpected and expected by maybe submarines. Wind can be strong and can cause Hurricanes, Storms, and floods.

9. Wind Q: Is wind natural? A: Wind is always natural and is always common all around Earth. It can be common in places around water with high levels

10. Ocean Currents Ocean currents are the vertical or horizontal movement of surface and deep water throughout the ocean. Ocean currents usually move in a specific direction. They are found all over the globe and differ in size, importance, and strength. Ocean circulation is usually divided into 2 parts. The first one is driven by wind and dominates in the upper few hundred meters. The second one is driven by density and dominates below.

11. El Niño Currents, or circulation within the ocean are influenced primarily by two physical factors: the sinking and rising of warming and cooling water, and movement of surface waters due to wind. The interactions of ocean water temperature, and the strength and direction of winds, create currents within the ocean that define the strength and duration of the El Niño.

12. Convection Water convects just like air. Water cools at high latitudes, gets denser, sinks, so that warmer water has to move northward from lower latitudes to replace it. That generates ocean currents, the best example of which is the Gulf Stream.

13. Ocean Circulation Warm ocean currents are warm water moving from the tropics where they release energy to the air. Cold ocean currents are warm water moving from higher latitudes to the equator. They absorb energy received from the tropics and that cools the air above.

14. The Coriolis Effect is caused by the fact that Earth is a sphere, so things closer to the middle of the sphere are rotating faster than things closer to the poles. That is why hurricanes and other things spin. What is The Coriolis Effect

15. Click on the image for an in-depth explanation on The Coriolis Effect Video explaining what The Coriolis Effect is.

16. Because of The Coriolis Effect, the winds in the hurricane are deflected by the spinning motion of the Earth, and are all trying to reach the eye of the hurricane, but get deflected, that is why hurricanes spin. Explanation of the video

17. Because of the spinning of Earth the Northern Hemisphere the hurricanes go counterclockwise but in the Southern Hemisphere they go clockwise. Explanation of the video (cont.)

18. How Wind Affects the Ocean Surface ocean currents are primarily affected by wind patterns. Tradewinds can push water along the top of the ocean and help in the formation of surface currents. One example of a wind driven circulation affectional an ocean current is the Gulf Stream. This affects the physical properties of the ocean which navy ships need to take in consideration. If an aircraft wants to land on the boat the boat needs to take in consideration of the physical properties of the ocean. If not taken in consideration then the aircraft could get damaged or destroyed.

19. How Solar Radiation Affects the Ocean When the sun releases heat and radiation into our atmosphere this causes the oceans water to increase temperature. Since our atmosphere defends against the worst part of the sun’s radiation, the ocean isn't affected drastically by this.

20. How Heat Affects The Ocean One of the ways heat affects the ocean is when the ocean water evaporates, which causes there to be a decrease in the amount of ocean water. The water eventually returns in the ocean by condensation. Most of the sun's heat is absorbed. This is most commonly found in the tropical waters near the equator. Our atmosphere also helps to keep the heat inside our atmosphere.

21. How the ocean affects the moisture in the air The ocean is the Earths largest reservoir of moisture, because the ocean absorbs heat more effectively than land and ice surfaces. The ocean has the ability to store huge quantities of moisture. When the moisture in the air reaches a high altitude, or cools it condenses, and becomes ocean water again.

22. Before we talk about waves, we first need to know and understand what they are, as well as how they are created. Waves are, essentially, large ripples of energy in the ocean. They do not move across the ocean horizontally, but the water that the wave is on moves vertically. This means that if you put a ton of beach balls on the ocean and a wave were to pass, the beach balls would move up and down instead of in the direction of the wave. This is important because it means that the waves push up and down against ships and submarines, and not side to side. When a wave passes by, a submarine usually feels nothing, since it is underwater. A ship, though, would certainly feel the effects. The upward motions would cause one of three types of movement. Sway, where a ship tips from side to side, heave, where a ship bobs up and down, and surge, where a ship dips from front to back. Ships are the things that are most affected by it, whereas a submarine, like I said, feels nothing. If a storm is overhead, all it has to do is go deeper down, where the movement is felt even less. So, in the end, it wouldn’t matter, at least if you’re thinking about submarines How waves and wave height affect travel

23. The wind blows across the ocean and moves the water due to drag on the surface of the water. The Navy needs to know the wind speed and direction in order to navigate where they are going and if they are drifting off target. The currents circulate around the Pacific Ocean, and over time to the rest of the world. The Navy needs to know the direction the currents are going, and if the current is getting stronger from the wind. They need to know how much force is pushing against them and in what direction, so they can adjust their direction and speed. How the wind and currents affect navigation The Wind The Current

24. Coriolis Effect- the deflection of a moving object that is the result of the Coriolis force. The Navy boat needs to be aware of the equator, because the winds change, and go in different directions at the equator, so they need to make sure they don’t veer off in the wrong direction. Ocean and atmosphere interference and how winds, solar radiation, and heat affect the ocean: wind is part of our atmosphere, it makes the waves have a current. The earth absorbs radiation from the sun. Heat causes the water to be warm or cold. Heat evaporates the water. All of these aspects are necessities to know, when aboard a ship, because if the water gets warmer in one area, then you might be near another territory that has warmer water. Coriolis effect and ocean and atmosphere interference

25. "Ocean in Motion: Ekman Transport Background." Ocean Motion : Background : Ocean in Motion. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/ocean-in-motion.htm "Data to Information." SURFACE CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. http://oceanmotion.org/guides/fd_3/fd_student_3.htm#oscar https://tcet.unt.edu/weblibrary/ppt/waterwav.ppt Web.15.Apr. 2015 http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/Waves.shtml Web.15 Apr. 2015 http://geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/wave “Explorations”. NOAA Ocean Explorer Podcast RSS.Web.15 Apr. 2015 Sources

26. Fergione, Laura. "Wind." National Weather Service. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..http://www.weather.gov/aly/preparednessWind Uccellini, Louis. "Wind." National Weather Service. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/pr3.php

27. Citations & Videos! http://ci.coastal.edu/~sgilman/770Oceansinmotion.htm http://weather.mailasail.com/Franks-Weather/How-Waves-And-Swell- Form http://topex.ucsd.edu/ps/trujillo_waves.pdf video: Click Me! Click Me!

28. "The Coriolis Effect." YouTube. YouTube. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI hello "Coriolis Effect." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 14 Apr. 2015..http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effect Sources

29. Citations Slide 1. Writer, Amanda. "An Overview of Ocean Currents and How They Circulate." Web. 14 Apr. 2015.. Slide 2. "El Niño - NASA Science." El Niño - NASA Science. 30 Apr. 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2015..http://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/oceanography/ocean-earth-system/el-nino/ Slide 3. https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index%3Fqid%3D20110403184753AA4AzxB&sa=U&ei=0a8uVbKcH4nNoASqt4HQBQ&ve d=0CBQQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNFoPMHvUczW3pV97M9j4LLjm9CvvA Slide 4. http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/circulation/ocean_circulation.html

30. MLA Citation Crouse, Ron. “Water Encyclopedia.” Weather and the Ocean Web. 15 Apr. 2015. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Tw-Z/Weather-and-the-Ocean.html “Does Back-Radiation “Heat” the Ocean? -Part One.” The Science of Doom 05 October 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. http://scienceofdoom.com/2010/10/06/does-back-radiation-heat-the-ocean-part-one/ Garfield, Newell. Domalaog, Eleanor. “PEEL-Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Interactions 1.” PEEL-Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Interactions 1 Garfield, Newell. Domalaog, Eleanor. 16 May 1969. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. http://www.pfeg.noaa.gov/research/climatemarine/cmfoceanatm/cmfoceanatm.html Leonardi, Alan. “The ocean plays a fundamental role in shaping the climate zones we see on land. Even areas hundreds of miles away from any coastline are still largely influenced by the global ocean system.” NOAA Ocean Explorer Podcast RSS Leonardi, Alan. McDonough, John. 21 June 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2015. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/climate.html