1. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 A Computer Science Approach to Solar Image Recognition Piet Martens (Physics) & Rafal Angryk (CS) Montana State University

2. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 A Computer Science Approach to Image Recognition Conundrum: We can teach an undergraduate in ten minutes what a filament, sunspot, sigmoid, or bright point looks like, and have them build a catalog from a data series. Yet, teaching a computer the same is a very time consuming job – plus it remains just as demanding for every new feature. Inference: Humans have fantastic generic feature recognition capabilities. (One reason we survived the plains of East Africa!). Challenge: Can we design a computer program that has similar “human” generic feature recognition capabilities? Answer: This has been done, with considerable success, in interactive diagnosis of mammograms, as an aid in early detection of breast cancer. So, let’s try this for Solar Physics image recognition! Angryk (CS), Martens, Banda, Schuh, Atanu (CS), and Atreides (solar, undergrad). All at MSU.

3. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 “Trainable” Module for Solar Imagery Method: Human user points out (point and click) instances of features in a number of images, e.g. sunspots, arcades, filaments. Module searches assigned database for images with similar texture parameters. User can recursively refine search, define accuracy. Module returns final list of matches. Key Point: Research is done on image texture catalog, 0.1% in size of image archive. Can do research on a couple of months of SDO data with your laptop

4. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Why would we believe this could work? Answer: Method has been applied with success in the medical field for detection of breast cancer. Similarity with solar imagery.

5. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Use of “Trainable” Module  Detect features for which we have no dedicated codes: loops, arcades, plumes, anemones, key-holes, faculae, surges, arch filaments, delta-spots, cusps, etc. Save a lot of money!  Detect features that we have not discovered yet, like sigmoids were in the pre-Yohkoh era. (No need to reprocess all SDO images!)  Cross-comparisons with the dedicated feature recognition codes, to quantify accuracy and precision.  Observe a feature for which we have no clear definition yet, and find features “just like it”. E.g. the TRACE image right, with a magnetic null-type geometry.

6. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Image Segmentation / Feature Extraction 8 by 8 grid segmentation (128 x 128 pixels per cell) Image 1 - Cell 1,1Value Entropy0.1231 Mean0.2552 Standard Deviation0.1723 3 rd Moment (skewness)0.1873 4 th Moment (kurtosis)0.1825 Uniformity0.5671 Relative Smoothness (RS)0.1245 Fractal Dimension0.1525 Tamura Directionality0.2837 Tamura Contrast0.3645 Optimal texture parameters

7. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Computing Times Image Parameter Extraction Times for 1,600 Images

8. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 “Trainable” Module: Current Status  Module has been tested on TRACE data.  We get up to 95% agreement with human observer (HEK) at this point – and I believe the disagreement is due to human, not machine errors. (So did HAL!). Humans are inconsistent observers.  We have found our optimal texture parameters, 10 per sub-image.  We are focusing on optimizing storage requirements, and hence search speed. We believe we can reduce 640 dimensional TRACE vector to ~ 40-70 relevant dimensions, 90% reduction. That would lead to 0.5 GB per day for SDO imagery, very manageable.

9. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Test Results From Thesis Juan Banda, April 2011 – Elected as best AY 2010-2011 MSU Thesis in Computer Science Conclusion: Anywhere between 42 and 74 dimensions provided very stable results; 90% reduction Graph: Performance comparison of three classifiers. Ordinate denotes % agreement with human observer. Coordinate shows method for dimensionality reduction and number of reduced dimensions..

10. Computer Vision for Solar PhysicsSDO Science Workshop, May 2011 Cross-comparison with Other Modules – First Step: Filaments Arthur Clarke's third law: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.”