1. AP BIOLOGY Welcome! Why are you here?

2. Resources: Class blog and New Textbook biohart.wordpress.com biohart.wordpress.com biohart.wordpress.com

3. Labs 12 required – one essay guaranteed on AP exam 12 required – one essay guaranteed on AP exam Detailed written reports Detailed written reports Suggestion – inexpensive separate folder for completed labs Suggestion – inexpensive separate folder for completed labs

4. Perseverance: Ask questions Ask questions Help one another Help one another Stay on top of it Stay on top of it Deep breathing exercises Deep breathing exercises

5. Summer assessment Item analysis done! Item analysis done! Content you guys seem to “remember” Content you guys seem to “remember” –Cells, DNA basics, and Ecology Content you guys need to brush up on a bit Content you guys need to brush up on a bit –Mitosis, Meiosis and Mendelian genetics basics, and Evolution Content that we won’t review now but is coming up: biochemistry and science process skills Content that we won’t review now but is coming up: biochemistry and science process skills

6. So where should we start?

7. Cellular Division - mitosis * What are some of the major differences in the cell division of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells is? * Prokaryotic chromosomes do not separate along a mitotic spindle like eukaryotic cells, others? * Prokaryotic chromosomes do not separate along a mitotic spindle like eukaryotic cells, others?

9. Cellular Division – mitosis in eukaryotes A plant cell has 12 chromosomes at the end of mitosis. How many chromosomes did it have at the beginning of the cell cycle? C. 12

11. Cellular Division – mitosis in eukaryotes How many chromatids would the plant cell with 12 chromosomes have in the G2 phase of its cell cycle? D. 24

13. Cellular Division - mitosis Humans have a 2n number of 46. How many chromosomes would be found in each of the following? Humans have a 2n number of 46. How many chromosomes would be found in each of the following? A. Somatic cells = B. Gametes =

14. Cellular Division - meiosis The restoration of the diploid chromosome number after halving in meiosis is due to The restoration of the diploid chromosome number after halving in meiosis is due to * fertilization

15. Cellular Division - meiosis

16. Homologous pairs?

17. Cellular Division - meiosis

18. One homologous pair has ____ number of sister chromatids? One homologous pair has ____ number of sister chromatids?

19. Cellular Division - meiosis Each sister chromatid has their own kinetochore Each sister chromatid has their own kinetochore

20. Cellular Division - meiosis

21. 27. The restoration of the diploid chromosome number after halving in meiosis is due to B. fertilization

22. Is this organism homozygous or heterozygous? How do you know?

23. Heterozygous dihybrid cross L= long ears L= long ears l = short ears l = short ears R = red fur R = red fur r = white fur r = white fur Long eared, white fur offspring are eaten more readily by predators. Bummer. Long eared, white fur offspring are eaten more readily by predators. Bummer.

24. Evolution Long eared, white fur offspring are eaten more often by predators. Long eared, white fur offspring are eaten more often by predators. Let’s assume that all of the offspring of a population with the above stated phenotype got eaten. Let’s assume that all of the offspring of a population with the above stated phenotype got eaten. What effect does this have on the population? What effect does this have on the population?

25. Evolution Nature selects based on phenotype but the impact is at the level of genotype. Nature selects based on phenotype but the impact is at the level of genotype. Bacteria are more and more resistant to antibiotics. Why? Bacteria are more and more resistant to antibiotics. Why? Directional selection by the way Directional selection by the way

26. Evolution

27. Evolution Darwin proposed that new species evolve from ancestral forms by the gradual accumulation of adaptations to changing environments Explains our unity and diversity Explains our unity and diversity

28. Evolution Explain natural selection the reproductive success of the members of a population best adapted to the environment

33. Cell Parts and Function Review TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL

34. Cell Parts and Functions Review Continued TYPICAL PLANT CELL

35. Endomembrane System