1. THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1000-1500

2. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades – Late 1000s Seljuq Turks (muslims) – Attack Constantinople – Control Holy Land (Jerusalem) Pope Urban II asks for help Military invasion to take back Jerusalem

3. The Crusades

4. The First Crusade 1096-1099 – French/Italian armies – Capture Jerusalem Slaughter Jewish and Muslim people

5. Analyzing Primary Sources The population was put to the sword by the Franks [crusaders], who pillaged for a week.... the Franks slaughtered more than 70,000 people, among them a large number of Imams and Muslim scholars who had left their homelands to live in the pious seclusion of the Holy Place." —Ibn al-Athir, quoted in Michael Foss, People of the First Crusade "The Jews [who lived in Jerusalem and who had been trapped by the crusaders' siege of the city] had gathered in their synagogue and the Franks burnt them alive. They also destroyed monuments of saints and the tomb of Abraham, may peace be upon him." —Ibn al-Qalanisi, quoted in Michael Foss, People of the First Crusade Identifying Bias How might a crusader's description of the attack and capture of Jerusalem differ from those of the Muslim writers Ibn al-Athir and Ibn al-Qalanisi ?

6. Other Major Crusades Second Crusade 1147-1149 Louis VII –Fr Conrad III– Ger – Failed 1149 returned to Eur The Major Crusades, 1096–1204

7. Other Major Crusades Third Crusade 1189-1192 – Saladin (muslim) controls Jerusalem 1147 Barbarossa--HRE Phillip II--Fr Richard I – Eng Failed – Ended in a truce

8. Other Major Crusades Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 Pope Innocent III – French knights 1204 Crusaders attack Constantinople Never made it to Holy Land The Major Crusades, 1096–1204

9. Other Major Crusades Children’s Crusade 1212 Army of children Failed Sold into slavery The Major Crusades, 1096–1204

10. Results of the Crusades Crusader States from 1098

11. Results of the Crusades Weapons and Warfare – Crossbows Political Changes – Fewer lords – Kings grow stronger

12. Results of the Crusades Ideas and Trade Cultural diffusion – Religion – Foods – language

13. The Revival of Trade

14. Trade Routes Trade in Italy – City states Pisa Genoa Venice

15. Trade Routes Trade in in N. Eur. – Kiev Viking traders Major trading center – Flanders Belgium France Netherlands

16. Trade Routes The Hanseatic League – German cities on the Northern and Baltic Seas Bremen, Hamburg, Lubeck Strict rules – 100 Cities – Weak German gov’t.

17. Trade Goods and Markets Goods from around the world – Exotic Trade fairs Barter economy – Goods and services exchanged for other goods and services No money at first

18. Champagne Trade Fairs

19. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Wool trade, multiple spinning bobbins, Isaac Claes Swanenburgh, 1614-1638, London History Museum, tec01011, copyright Kathleen Cohen.

20. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Manufacturing – Domestic system In workers home

21. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Banking – Money exchange at fairs – Lending money Gov’t borrow money to finance activities Jews became main money lenders – Excluded from property ownership – Excluded from guilds – Christians didn’t allow usury » Charging interest on loans

22. Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment Investing – Late Middle ages – Put up capitol Shared in costs and risk – Beginning of market economy

23. The Growth of Towns

24. Rights of Town People Freedom. Anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day became free. This included serfs who escaped from a manor to a town. Exemption. Townspeople won the right of being exempt, or free, from ever having to work on the manor. Town justice. Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople. Commercial privileges. Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there.

25. The Growth of Towns Guilds—workers and merchants unite – Merchants Merchant guild Sole right to trade

26. The Growth of Towns Workers – Skilled workers Craft guilds – Master – Apprentice – Journeyman This illustration from about 1480 depicts medieval craft workers at their trades: an apprentice grinding colors (bottom left), a fresco painter (top), and a chest painter (bottom right).

27. The Growth of Towns Rise of the Middle Class – Guilds create middle class King Nobles Middle class Unskilled workers serfs

28. The Growth of Towns Medieval towns – Fewer than 2000 people on avg. – Some were larger Paris 150000 London, Ghent, Bruges 40,000

29. The Growth of Towns THE BLACK DEATH

30. The Growth of Towns The Black Death (Black Plague) – 1347-1352 – Disease – Carried by the fleas on rats – Fatal 1/3 of all of Europe died – 25 million

31. The Growth of Towns They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in... ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I buried my five children with my own hands." —Angolo di Tura, quoted in The Black Death, by Robert S. Gottfried

32. The Growth of Towns

33. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature – Latin spoken by the educated – Common people spoke in the vernacular Everyday language

34. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Early Vernacular Literature – Troubadours Romance and fictional stories – French fabliaux Short comic stories – National Epic Song of Roland c. 1100 – Drama developes

35. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages "Roland with pain and anguish winds His Olifant [horn], and blows with all his might. Blood from his mouth comes spurting scarlet- bright. He's burst the veins of his temples outright. From hand and horn the call goes shrilling high: King Carlon [Charlemagne] hears it who through the passes rides... Quoth Charles: 'I hear the horn of Roland cry! He'd never sound it but in the thick of fight.'" —From The Song of Roland

36. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages The Flowering of Vernacular Literature Dante Alighieri – Tuscany Italy 1265 – Wrote The Divine Comedy Imaginary journey Political satire

37. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Geoffrey Chaucer – England 1340 – Parliament 1386 – Wrote the Canterbury Tales 30 pilgrims on the road to Canterbury

38. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Education – Monasteries and Churches Teachers and Students form guilds – Universitas latin meaning assoc. of people – Between 1000-late 1200s 4 major universities – Paris – Oxford – Bologna – Salerno

39. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy and Science – Philosophy Scholasticism brings faith and reason together Peter Abelard prof. in Paris c. 1100 – Wrote Sic et Non Thomas Aquinas – Dominican monk – Wrote Summa Theologiae » Summarized medieval Christian thought

40. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Science – Not much happened – Mathematics – optics

41. Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Architecture – Main art form – Mid 1100s builders dev. Gothic Style – Built great cathedrals

43. Wars and the Growth of Nations ENGLAND

44. Wars and the Growth of Nations The Hundred Years War

45. Wars and the Growth of Nations The Hundred years war 1337-1453 – 1328 Edward III (Eng.) claims French throne France chooses Philip IV – 1337 Edward invades France – 1415 Battle of Agincourt English longbow – 1453 French drive the English out – Parliament gains power

46. Wars and the Growth of Nations The War of the Roses 1455-1485 – War for English throne – House of York White Rose – House of Lancaster Red rose – Henry Tudor wins 1485 House of Lancaster

47. Wars and the Growth of Nations France

48. Wars and the Growth of Nations France – During the 100 Years War – House of Burgundy (Fr.) sides with Eng. Against House of Orleans (Fr.) Keeps France divided 1429 with help from Joan of Arc – Charles VII of Orleans crowned

49. Wars and the Growth of Nations Joan of Arc (1412–1431) Patron saint of France Joan of Arc was born into a peasant family in Domremy, France. At the age of 13, she began having visions and heard voices that she believed belonged to St. Michael, St. Catherine, and St. Margaret. In 1429, during the Hundred Years War (1337–1453), the voices instructed her to take arms against the English, who were fighting with the French. She persuaded Charles, the heir to the French throne, and his theologians to permit her to fight. Charles had not yet been crowned because of the war and political strife within France. Joan led the French to victory, which enabled Charles to be crowned as King Charles VII. Thereafter, Charles opposed further fighting with England, but Joan continued. In 1430 she was captured by Burgundian soldiers who were allied with England. Joan was tried by as a heretic by a church-governed court. They charged her with heresy because she believed she was commanded directly by God instead of the Catholic Church and because she dressed in masculine clothes. Joan was imprisoned for life. While in prison, she continued to wear masculine clothes. As a result, she was tried by a nonreligious court, found guilty, and sentenced to death. She was burned at the stake in 1431

50. Wars and the Growth of Nations A Return of Strong Kings – 100 Years War French Estates General – Controls finances and makes laws – Similar to Eng. Parliament French Estates General – 1 st Estate—clergy – 2 nd Estate –nobles – 3 rd Estate—common people After the war loses power

51. Wars and the Growth of Nations – 1461 Louis XI makes monarchy stronger Harsh/efficient gov’t. High taxes Seized lands from House of Burgundy United France

52. Wars and the Growth of Nations The Unification of Spain, 1479–1515

53. Wars and the Growth of Nations Spain – 1479 united under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile – 1492 Spanish capture Granada from Moors (muslims) – 1492 order all jews to convert or leave Spain Gave moors the same choice – 1515 adds kingdom of Navarre

54. Wars and the Growth of Nations Map of Europe, c. 1500

55. Wars and the Growth of Nations Holy Roman Empire – Many German States and Pope elect emperor – 1356 Charles IV rules 7 electors – 3 archbishops – 4 German princes – Little power lots of prestige

56. Wars and the Growth of Nations – 1273 Habsburg emperor By 1400s very powerful Maximilian I by marriage adds – Netherlands – Luxembourg – Burgundy Son Philip by marriage adds – Part of Spain and Italy

57. Challenges to Church Power 1198-1216 Pope Innocent III – Church power at it greatest – Afterwards power declines

58. Challenges to Church Power 1294 conflict between Pope and Monarch – Philip IV (Fr.) orders clergy to pay taxes – Pope Boniface VIII decrees pope has power over kings – Philip has 1 st meeting of Estates Gen. Has pope arrested

59. Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism – Philip has French Bishop elect Pope – Clement V 1309 moves HQ to Avignon France Next 6 popes were Fr. 1309-1377

60. Challenges to Church Power – 1377 Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome – 1378 Gregory dies Cardinals elect Italian pope Later elect French pope – Moves to Avignon – Until 1417 Sometimes 2 or 3 popes at once – The Great Schism 1414 Council of Constance end Schism

61. Challenges to Church Power More Problems For the Church – John Wycliffe late 1300s Priest and teacher at Oxford University Attacked immorality of the church People can read the Bible and interpret scripture Accused of heresy Forced to retire

62. Challenges to Church Power – Jan Hus Teacher at University of Prague Read John Wycliffe Angered church Excommunicated 1414 burned at the stake

63. Challenges to Church Power