1. Comparative Psychology Evolutionary Psychology Sociology Comparative Cognition Behavior Analysis Associative Learning Simple Model Systems Behavioral Neuroscience Developmental Psychobiology Behavior Genetics Patterns of Behavioral Evolution Behavioral Ecology Social Psychology Cognitive Psychology Behavior Modification Motivation Neural Network Models Neuroethology Cognitive Neuroscience Comparative Neurology Developmental Psychology Genetics Molecular Biology Cladistics Paleontology Population Biology Ecology Anthropology 1.1

2. 1.2

3. 1.3 Infusorians Polyps Plants Radiarians Crustaceans Arachnids Insects Annelids Cirrhipeds Mollusks Reptiles Fish Man Mammals Birds Irritability No instincts No intelligence Irritability No instincts No intelligence Vision, touch Instincts Little or no learning Emotions? Emotions Inner feelings Simple ideas? Attention Thinking Memory Judgment Will No CNS No muscles Separate ganglia Nerves No special senses Ganglionic cord Special senses Rudimentary brain No hypocephalon Brain Spinal cord Rudimentary hypocephalon Highly developed hypocephalon STRUCTURE LEVELFUNCTION

4. 1.4

5. 1.5

6. 1.6 Genes (next generation) Reproductive success Behavior Morphology Physiology Cell metabolism Enzymes Morphogenesis Genes (regulatory, structural) Inheritance Selective pressures Sensory-motor Environment Hormones Nutrients DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY Proximate causes Ultimate causes