1. The French Language in England

4. Rollo (Göngu-Hrólfur) The Normans

5. William the Conqueror 1066

6. The main linguistic effects of the Norman invasion Secular and religious authorities became French Old English spelling traditions were lost English came to be written as it was spoken Dialectal differences appeared

7. The main linguistic effects of the Norman invasion The changes that had occurred since the Norse invasions, now appeared for the first time in the witten language

9. 1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400

10. 1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400

11. The French Language in England 1066-1200 Norman French is the native language of the nobility. Probably not a great deal of bilingualism. Small numbers of French loans enter English.

12. 1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400

13. 1204 Loss of Normandy. French is the cultivated, prestige language. Norman French loses prestige and the nobility begin to look to Paris for their norm. The French Language in England 1200-1300

14. Difference between Norman French and Central (Parisian) French NORMAN FRENCH retained k cattle castle carpenter cauldron carry catch  retained g garden gaol PARISIAN FRENCH k has become chattels chair charity chief change chase  g has become joy jest jail in some environments g survives only in spelling

15. Difference between Norman French and Central (Parisian) French NORMAN FRENCH is retained in catch w in Germanic loanwords while ward(en) William war wasp PARISIAN FRENCH has become s in chase w becomes g(w) guile gardian Guy (guerre, guêpe)

16. 1204 Loss of Normandy. French is the cultivated, prestige language. Norman French loses prestige and the nobility begin to look to Paris for their norm. There is a diglossic situation, with French the high-prestige, English the low-prestige variety. The French Language in England 1200-1300

17. Diglossia Prestige hus mus haus maus Enry Henry Examples from Modern English: Arthur Harthur

18. Diglossia Prestige hew colour neat beef stench scent athling prince Examples from Middle English:

19. 1204 Loss of Normandy. French is the cultivated, prestige language. Norman French loses prestige and the nobility begin to look to Paris for their norm. There is a diglossic situation, with French the high-prestige, English the low-prestige variety. Large numbers of French loans enter English The French Language in England 1200-1300

20. 1066-1200 1200-1300 1300-1400

21. English becomes the dominant language, but French remains dominant in literature and at the court. Increasing evidence of imperfect knowledge of French amongst the nobility. Although the knowledge of French is waning, its linguistic prestige can be seen by still increasing numbers of French loans in English. The French Language in England 1300-1400

22. 1334-1453 The Hundred Years' War with France. 1348-9 The Black Death. 30% mortality. Labour shortage, wage rises, increasing importance of the English-speaking classes 1386 English accepted in the courts ('Statute of Pleading') Two major English poets at the end of the 14th century: –Gower writes mostly in French (but composes one long work Confessio amantis, in English) –Chaucer writes almost entirely in English. Evidence of private letters: –1350: French is the rule. –After 1400: English becomes common. –After 1450: English is the rule. The French Language in England 1300-1400 Factors contributing to the decline of French:

23. Jeo prie a la Benoit Trinite que vous ottroie bone vie ove tresentier sauntee a treslonge durre, and sende yowe sone to ows in helþ and prosperitee for, in god fey, I hope to Al Mighty God that, yef ye come youre owne persone, ye schulle have the victorie of alle your enemyes. And for salvation of oure Schire and Marches al aboute, treste ye nought to no Leutenaunt. Escript a Hereford, en tresgraunte haste, a trois de la clocke apres noone, le tierce jour de Septembre. Richard Winston, Dean of Windsor, to the King 1403 Baugh fn 195 p. 151

24. Baugh: 1000 French words at random before-10502 1051-10000 1151-11502 1151-12007 1201-125035 1251-130099 1301-1350108 1351-1400198 1401-145074 1451-150090 1501-155062 1551-160095 (statistics in footnote to §133, p. 178 5th edn)

25. NB first recorded occurence in a written text status of French Baugh: 1000 French words