1. Benchmarking of User Charges Introduction and Methodologies Presented by Pauline Wentzel and Sylvana Thiele

2. Overview  Introduction  SEO Study  Cranfield University  Conclusion

3. Introduction  Why benchmark aeroneutical charges? Pressure from airlines and IATA on airport operators Significant for charter and LCC (operation of short sectors) Greatest impact when new routes are being considered

4. Introduction  Structure of aeroneutical charges ChargeCommon basis for chargingIncome to airport operator? LandingWeight of aircraftYes Terminal navigationIncluded in landing charge or based on weight of aircraft Sometimes Air-bridgeIncluded in landing charge or based on aircraft movement Yes PassengerDeparting passengerYes SecurityIncluded in passenger charge or based on passenger numbers Yes ParkingWeight of aircraft per hour or 24 hours after free period Yes Ground Handling Different charges for different activities Sometimes FuelVolume of fuelNo Government taxesDeparting passengerNo source: Graham,Anne: Managing aiports, p.103.

5. Introduction  Factors that influence the magnitude of airport charges: Government funding Content and quality of service offered Volume of traffic Characteristics of traffic General cost environment Accounting practices Treatment of aeroneutical users

6. SEO Study  Background: Commissioned by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation in the Netherlands (DGL) Carried out by SEO/AAE in coop with To70 and DLR November 2003

7. SEO Study  Choice of airports: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Frankfurt London Heathrow London Gatwick Paris Charles de Gaulle Paris Orly

8. SEO Study Airport aeroneutical charges Government aeroneutical charges Landing and take-off chargesNoise charges Passenger service chargesSecurity charges Parking charges for aircraftATC charges Airport security chargesOther government charges or taxes Airport noise charges source: own research

9. SEO Study  Example: Landing and take-off charges source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.7.

10. SEO Study  Example: Parking Charges source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.9.

11. SEO Study  First Approach source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.9.

12. SEO Study  Methodology Step 1: aeroneutical costs per passenger movement source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.13..

13. SEO Study  Methodology Step 2: accumulation of the aeroneutical charges for all aircraft types source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.13.

14. SEO Study  Methodology Step 3: Cost Comparisons source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.17.

15. SEO Study  Methodology Step 4: analyses by aircraft type source: SEO, Government Influence on Aeroneutical charges, p.22.

16. SEO Study  Problems: Fleet mixes and load factor may not be representative Variations in what is covered by a charge Does not take peak-hour charging into account Comparison based on published prices, does not reflect discounts Comparisons affected by exchange rate fluctuations Study adresses only levies with a public interest

17. Cranfield University  The issue of Comparability Different sets of activities Different ownership structures Different goals and objectives No homogenous product or service No standardised conditions  adjustments

18. Cranfield University  Methodology 24 European airports Standardisation of cost, revenue and staff number data Select a common set of activities adjust data to activities of standard airport  movement away from reality

19. Cranfield University  Methodology Example of adjustments made: ATC -Standard airport assumed to have no involvement in the supply of ATC -Thus: assumption of no costs being incurred and no revenues received -Removement of staff numbers and associated costs at airports that do undertake ATC -Aeroneutical revenues are reduced by the same amount as the costs

20. Conclusion  difficult to compare the level of charges at different airports because of the varied nature of the charging structures  difficult to see how airport charges can have a major impact on airline behaviour  charging policies have the greatest impact when new routes are being considered

21. Conclusion  Information needed: Public charges Aeroneutical revenues Flight movements Info on specific aircraft types Regulatory framework

22. Thank you for your attention!

23. References  Association of European Airlines: Benchmarking of Airport Charges, Information Package, February 1998.  BAA plc: A report on the economic regulation of the London airports company, June 1996.  Graham, Anne: Managing Airports, An International Perspective, Second Edition, 2003.  SEO: Benchmark, Government influence on Aeronautical Charges, Amsterdam 2003.