1. All-Optical Header Recognition M. Dagenais Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA e-mail: dage@ece.umd.edu

2. Outline Introduction Description of on-going work on optical header recognition Challenges and Opportunities Conclusion

3. Functionality of a Packet Switch Routing Reading destination address in packet header Comparing destination address with local look-up table addresses Setting up switch for payload switching Flow Control and Contention Resolution Accurate Synchronization between different modules within the switch Header Regeneration/Reinsertion

4. Our Ultimate Goals for Optical Packet/Header Recognition Technology scalable from 10 Gb/s to 160 Gb/s 32 bit headers Packets switchable on 1 ns time scale Look-up table at network nodes containing up to 65,000 (2 bytes) addresses Reprogrammable nodes

5. Present Goals of the Project All-optical header recognition up to 160 Gb/s 3 out of a 8-bit headers are used for destination address Use successively one bit of header for steering packet in 1 x 2 space switches located at each level of a tree structure Demonstrate header recognition (payload already pre-separated)

6. Research Goals Implement packet routing in a network Propose and demonstrate robust all- optical header recognition Demonstrate a tree-based packet switched network operating up to 160Gb/s

7. Tree Structure for Header Recognition: Optical Packet Switch Decision is made at each stage by taking the autocorrelation of header with a properly delayed copy of itself and thresholding the result 1…0000 1…0001 1…0010 1…001 1…0100 1…0101 1…0110 1…0111 Input Output Address Slot 8 (clock bit) Slot 1 Slot 1 (clock bit) Slot 8 Y-space- switch: process 1 st address bit Y-space- switches: process2nd address bit Y-space- switches: process3rd address bit 1…0011

8. Non-Interferometric 1 x 2 Space Switch SOA I1I1 I2I2 Control Signals

9. Optical Header Recognition Reading the fifth header bit Copy of header Copy of header delayed by 4 bits Control Bits Address Bits

10. Output of the optical AND gate when the 5th bit is 1 for 10Gb/s data rate

11. Required Properties 1.Must provide considerable speed advantage and ability to simplify the circuit design 2.Switching energies should be similar to those of electronics or potentially less 3.Should have capability for integration 4.Should be scalable with the system bit rate and with transmission protocol 5.Should be polarization independent 6.Can be cascaded in several stages

12. Differential Mach- Zehnder Gate Numerical models show potential for >500 GB/s Achieved up to 336 Gb/s w/ integrated device Achieved ~200 fs switching time at 10 GHz Rep. Rate < 200 fJ switching energy Requires two SOA’s Not limited by carrier lifetime due to dual control pulses (differential mode) but limited by control pulse resolution

13. Full header recognition using a single AND gate: time domain Payload 2 100 ns 10 ns Payload 1 2 ns Header 2 Packet Schematic Guard time

14. Full header recognition using a single AND gate: wavelength domain SOA Mach- Zehnder Gate Programmable switch

15. Challenges and Opportunities: Node Requirements for 32-bit Header Recognition at 160 Gb/s Optical delay chips: Required delays: 6ps X 32 = 192 ps  6 cm Solution: low loss passive waveguides on a chip: silica-on-silicon Optical AND gate Solution: Differential Mach-Zehnder gate switch Serial-to-parallel converter Time domain: combination of time delays, optical AND gate, and fast electronics Wavelength domain: combination of time delays, arrayed-waveguide-gratings (AWG), SOAs, super-continuum fiber, and optical AND gate. Tree network: optical packet switch Integrated chip composed of “passive” (no gain) switches and active switches (with gain) Solution: Electro-absorption switches in a tree-structure integrated with SOAs to compensate for losses Switch Programmability Need to combine different packet switch output outcomes into several outputs in a programmable way Packaging requirements Hybrid integration required: delay chip based on silica-on-silicon; optical AND gate and amplification based on InP and electronics based on CMOS Solution: Silica-on-silicon optical bench

16. Conclusion Application of ultrafast TDM technologies to photonic packet switching and optical header recognition was presented Photonic header processing has the potential of being scaled up and even beyond 500 Gb/s (1.5 Tb/s demultiplexing already demonstrated). The differential Mach-Zehnder gate is the most promising technology for implementing logic functions, given that it is ultra-fast (500 Gb/s possible) and requires low switching energy (< 200 fJ), The use of a tree architecture allows flexibility. In particular, it can read all the possible headers. In addition, it allows the switch to be programmable.