1. NATS 101 Intro to Weather and Climate Sect. 56: 8:00 am TR CHVZ111 Lecturer: Prof. Steven L. Mullen TA: Stephen Bieda Guest Lecturers?

2. Lecture 1-Nats 1012 Who Am I? Professor and Department Head Department of Atmospheric Science Joint Faculty Appointment Dept. of Hydrology and Water Resources Research Specialty Precipitation Forecasting, Computer Modeling 30+ Years as Atmospheric Scientist M.S. and Ph.D. in Atmospheric Sciences B.S. in Mathematics, Minor in Physics

3. Lecture 1-Nats 1013 Vital Statistics Office Hours: Dr. Mullen – WR 2:00-2:50 pm or by Appointment, PAS 552 621-6842 Mr. Bieda – TBA, PAS 476 Required Text: Essentials of Meteorology-An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 4 rd Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens Picture Link Publisher Download, Save $Picture LinkPublisher Download, Save $ Recommended Text: Study Guide for Essentials of Meteorology, 4 rd Ed. by C. Donald Ahrens LinkLink Required Material: Thirty (30) 4''x 6'' index cards.

4. Lecture 1-Nats 1014 Course Description Introduction to the science of weather processes and climate change: atmospheric structure and composition, energy balance, clouds and precipitation, wind systems, fronts, cyclones, weather forecasting, thunderstorms, lightning, hurricanes, ozone hole, air pollution, and global warming.

5. Lecture 1-Nats 1015 Course Description Emphasis will be given to phenomena that have strong impacts on human activities. The fundamental importance of physics, chemistry and mathematics will be noted. Atmospheric Sciences  Applied Physics

6. Lecture 1-Nats 1016 Attendance Policy Attendance is mandatory, and I reserve the right to tally it throughout the term. After three unexcused absences prior to week 9, I will submit to the Office of Curriculum and Registration an administrative drop from the course and assign a grade in accordance with UA policy. http://catalog.arizona.edu/2006-07/policies/classatten.htm

7. Lecture 1-Nats 1017 Student Behavior UA Code of Academic Integrity, Code of Conduct and Student Code of Conduct are enforced in this course. Every student is responsible for learning these codes and abiding by them. http://w3.arizona.edu/~studpubs/policies/ppmainpg.html http://w3.arizona.edu/~studpubs/policies/ppmainpg.html Students can submit complaints online at http://web.arizona.edu/~dos/uapolicies/ http://web.arizona.edu/~dos/uapolicies/

8. Lecture 1-Nats 1018 Grading Policy Final grade will be based on scores from closed book/closed notes quizzes and final exam. Quizzes will consist of multiple choice questions and short answer questions. Quizzes will cover new material presented through the end of the previous lecture day. Extra credit questions given on some quizzes. Extra credit impromptu “pop” quizzes given.

9. Lecture 1-Nats 1019 Grading Policy There will be seven quizzes during the term. Dates for the quizzes are Tuesday Feb 6, Thursday March 1, Tuesday Apr 3, and Thursday Apr 26. No Exceptions Students who arrive late on quiz days will be not allowed to take the quiz after the first student turns in her/his quiz. No Exceptions The lowest score among the four quizzes will be weighted 1/2 of the others for the course grade. Therefore, no make-up quizzes.

10. Lecture 1-Nats 10110 Grading Policy If your final exam score exceeds the average of your adjusted quizzes, the quizzes will comprise 60% of your term grade and the final 40%. Otherwise, the quizzes will comprise 75% of your term grade and the final 25%. CARROT:CARROT: If your average unadjusted quiz score is at least 90%, you will earn an exemption from the final and will receive an "A'' for the course. No Extra Credit Projects. No Exceptions. So Plan Accordingly!

11. Lecture 1-Nats 10111 Final Examination Section 56 (8:00 am TR): CHVZ 111 May 8, 8:00 am - 10:00 pm No Exceptions per UA Policy The final will consist of 60 multiple choice questions and short answer questions. At least 30, but no more than 40 questions, will be taken verbatim from the old quizzes.

12. Lecture 1-Nats 10112 Course Grading Course Grading Scale A 90% or higher B 80.0-89.99% C 65.0-79.99% D 55.0-64.99% E< 55.0%

13. Lecture 1-Nats 10113 Expectations Every student is expected to: Complete all of the assigned reading before the lecture, unless you hear otherwise. Devote a minimum of 2 hours outside of class studying, reading, etc. for every hour of classroom lecture. Unit Credit DefinitionUnit Credit Definition dismissedAttend class daily, arrive on time, leave when class is dismissed (courtesy to peer students).

14. Lecture 1-Nats 10114 The Golden Rule Instructor and students all show: Mutual Respect! What exemplifies respectful behavior? No talking No electronics Arriving on time Remaining seated

15. Lecture 1-Nats 10115 Literacy Requirements Although the writing requirement for this course is negligible, there is a science literacy requirement. This means that we: Use scientific notation for writing numbers (especially rather large or small ones). Specify units of physical quantities (e.g. meters for elevation, etc.). Attempt to quantify physical relationships.

16. Lecture 1-Nats 10116 Announcements Course Homepage…is functional! http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/ Click Students and Courses Click Course Links Click NATS101 – Mullen User Name: nats101 (if established) Password: spr2007 (if established)

17. Lecture 1-Nats 10117 Class Format: Lecture Days 5 minutes - Map Discussion and Forecast (If computer Gods are friendly) 2-3 minutes - Review/Summary/Clean-up From Prior Lecture (Optional) 60 minutes - New Material Lecture, Demos, Discussion 2-3 minutes - Wrap-up and Summary

18. Lecture 1-Nats 10118 Class Format: Quiz Days 10 minutes - Last Minute Questions Passing Out Quiz Materials 60 minutes - Quiz

19. Lecture 1-Nats 10119 LISTSERV Established mullen@listserv.Arizona.EDU Use for any questions, comments, discussions that are general interest to the class. mullen@atmo.arizona.edu is reserved for personal requests not of general interest.mullen@atmo.arizona.edu To subscribe go to http://listserv.arizona.edu/ and click the link “Subscribe to a list”http://listserv.arizona.edu/ http://listserv.arizona.edu/Subscribe.html Follow straightforward instructions!

20. Lecture 1-Nats 10120 LISTSERV If you DID NOT receive an email yesterday, you need to subscribe to the list. You can subscribe by sending an email to listserv@listserv.arizona.edu with the following as the only line in the body of the message. listserv@listserv.arizona.edu subscribe xxxxxx Firstname Lastname Substitute the list you want to join for xxxxxx, i.e. mullen@listserv.arizona.edu. Substitute your first name for Firstname Substitute your last name for Lastnamemullen@listserv.arizona.edu

21. Lecture 1-Nats 10121 EMAIL & LISTSERV Rules Obtain an “arizona.edu” account I will only respond to emails from “arizona.edu” accounts starting next week Email and Listserv Etiquette No-No’s No Flaming No Profanity No Porn or Other Inappropriate Links No Advertisements No Spamming No “Off-Topic” Subject Matter http://listserv.arizona.edu/etiquette.html

22. Lecture 1-Nats 10122 Importance of Atmosphere Necessary for a wide spectrum of features Oceans Clouds, Rain, Fresh Water Erosion by Water and Wind Life, Life on Land Blue Skies, Red Sunsets, Twilight Sound

23. Lecture 1-Nats 10123 Importance of Atmosphere Point 1- Offers Protection Consider surface temperatures Without atmosphere? 0 o F average, large day-night swings Similar to the Moon’s Climate With atmosphere… 60 o F average, moderate diurnal swings

24. Lecture 1-Nats 10124 Importance of Atmosphere Point 2 - Offers Protection Consider Surface Radiation Shields against harmful UV radiation

25. Lecture 1-Nats 10125 Importance of Atmosphere Consider Survival Time Without Food  few weeks Without Water  few days Without Air  few minutes

26. Lecture 1-Nats 10126 To Understand the Atmosphere Examine its interfaces with land/ocean with space Sun Space Earth Atmosphere 13,000 km Is a very thin skin 99% below 50 km (31 miles) 50% below 5.5 km (3.4 miles) Atmosphere Picture Blue Marble Energy Flow Solar Input = Output to Space

27. Lecture 1-Nats 10127 NASA photo gallery Note “thinness” of atmosphere in light blue

28. Lecture 1-Nats 10128 Apollo 17 photo The Blue Marble

29. Lecture 1-Nats 10129 Course Building Blocks Intro  1 st week or so Energy  ~2 weeks Moisture  ~2 weeks Dynamics  ~3 weeks Above are interdependent Specific Topics  ~6 weeks

30. Lecture 1-Nats 10130 Reading Assignment "How to Email a Professor" Article"How to Email a Professor" Homepage Link “Reading Assignments” Ahrens Pages 1-22; 425-427 (Appendix A: Units etc.); 431-432 (Appendix C: Weather chart symbols) Problems 1.2, 1.3, 1.10, 1.14, 1.17, 1.18, 1.20 (1.17  Chapter 1, Question 17) Don’t Forget the 4”x6” Index Cards

31. Lecture 1-Nats 10131 Reading Assignment Ahrens Pages 1-22; 425-426-427 (Appendix A: Units etc.), 431-432 (Appendix C: Weather chart symbols) Problems 1.2, 1.3, 1.10, 1.14, 1.17, 1.18, 1.20 (1.17  Chapter 1, Question 17) Don’t Forget the 4”x6” Index Cards

32. Lecture 1-Nats 10132 Example of Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling: El Nino-La Nina

33. Lecture 1-Nats 10133 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/ann/ann05.html

34. Lecture 1-Nats 10134

35. Lecture 1-Nats 10135 http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2006/ann/ann06.html

36. Lecture 1-Nats 10136

37. Lecture 1-Nats 10137 N 2 Boiling point: 77 °K or -196°C or –320 °F O 2 Boiling point: 90 °K or -183 °C or -297 °F N 2 and O 2 Balance between input (production) and output (destruction): Input: plant/animal decaying Sink: soil bacteria; oceanic plankton-->nutrients Input: plant photosynthesis Sink: organic matter decay chemical combination (oxidation) breathing

38. Lecture 1-Nats 10138 Atmospheric Composition Important Trace Gases Ahrens, Table 1.1, 3 rd ed. Which of these is now wrong even in the 4th edition of Ahrens?

39. Lecture 1-Nats 10139 Sources vegetative decay volcanic eruptions animal exhalation combustion of fossil fuels (CH 4 + 2 O 2 > 2 H 2 O + CO 2 ) Sinks photosynthesis (oxygen production) dissolves in water phytoplankton absorption (limestone formation) Carbon Dioxide CO 2

40. Lecture 1-Nats 10140 CO 2 Trend “Keeling Curve” Some gases vary by season and over many years. The CO2 trend is the cause for concern about global warming. CO 2 increases in northern spring, decreases in northern fall http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/globalchange/keeling_curve/01.html

41. Lecture 1-Nats 10141 H 2 O Vapor Variability Precipitable Water (mm) Some gases can vary spatially and daily

42. Lecture 1-Nats 10142 Aerosols 1 cm 3 of air can contain as many as 200,000 non-gaseous particles. –dust –dirt (soil) –salt from ocean spray –volcanic ash –water –pollen –pollutants

43. Lecture 1-Nats 10143 Aerosols - Volcanic Ash Fig. 1-4, p.6

44. Lecture 1-Nats 10144 Aerosols - Dust Particles Dust Storm on Interstate 10, between Phoenix and Tucson, AZ.

45. Lecture 1-Nats 10145 Aerosols Provide condensation nuclei for water vapor. Provide a surface area or catalyst needed for much atmospheric chemistry. Aerosols can deplete stratospheric ozone. They can also cool the planet by reflecting sunlight back to space.