2. LANGUAGE AND CULTURAL MEANING Cultural behaviour is not essentially different from other forms of learned behaviour; it is a consequence of the dynamic of social living over many generations, while individual members of the social system are replaced (Foley, 1997: 12)

3. The framing of intentions and activities English: I must go there. English: I make the horse run. Navajo: It is only good that I shall go. Navajo: The horse is running for me.

4. Language expresses and reflects worldviews Cultural models: shared cultural attitudes Language: key for transmitting cultural models Language ----Proverbs, stories, etc. -- conveying a way of being in the world --guiding human thought and action -- provides moral lessons

5. Dime con quien andas y te dire quien eres Tell me who is your close friend and I will tell you who you are.

6. Concrete and symbolic meanings “The horse is running for me” concrete object (horse) “Don’t cry over spilt milk” symbolic meaning, metaphorical

7. Why do we study language? To identify cultural models Understand the relationship between language and environment language and society

8. The Foundations of Linguistic Anthropology Edward Sapir (1884—1939) and his student Benjamin Whorf (1897—1941) Sapir: lexicon or vocabulary Whorf: Grammatical structures Linguistic research among Native Americans

9. Edward Sapir physical environment and social environment through the use of language Elements of vocabulary influence speakers perceptions Different experience of our world The Paiute utilize unique words for valuable geographical locations

10. Sand flat, semicircular valley or hollow, spot for level ground in mountains surrounded by ridges.

11. Benjamin Whorf Influences on though and behaviour Grammatical structures of language Grammatical structure and conceptualization of time, number, duration

12. Whorf studies among the Hopi Time, number and duration fundamental for Hopi culture Hopi: Emphasis: continuity, cyclicity and intensity: English: Emphasis on boundedness and objectification Morning “While morning-phase is occurring”

13. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Language influences people’s perception of the world “Weak version” “Strong version”

14. Lexical and Cultural Categories Taxonomic systems: The classification system that orders things in a logical hierarchical way, a system that orders by indicating natural relationships Semantic domains: a summative of words (words put together). All sharing a core meaning, related to a specific topic Example: Kinship terms, body-parts words, or colours

15. Language expresses Cultural focus: cultural priorities Transformative Not static; changes over time

16. Summary Members of different cultures express different worldviews through a particular use of their languages (language frames) Cultural models are expressed and reflected primarily through language Proverb: “The early bird catches the worm.”