1. The Cockcroft Institute and its Manchester activities Roger Barlow School Research Lunch Friday July 2 nd 2010

2. What is Cockcroft? An Institute for Accelerator Science and Engineering at Daresbury Laboratory, involving Manchester, Liverpool and Lancaster Universities, and the STFC ASTeC group

3. Who Academics: Roger Barlow, Rob Appleby, Roger Jones, Hywel Owen Postdocs: Cristian Bungau, Alessandro D’Elia, Ian Shinton, Adina Toader, Maryam Mostajeran, A.N.Other Ph.D. Students: Narong Chanlek, Hugo Day, Matthew Fraser, Jimmy Garland, Chris Glasman, James Jones, Nawin Juntong, Vasim Khan, James Molson, Mike Salt, Tony Scarfe, Luke Thomson, Sam Tygier, Pei Zhang

4. RF acceleration HIE-ISOLDE HIE-LINAC Upgrade RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity. Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics. Superconducting: Niobium sputtered on Copper

5. RF acceleration ILC (500 GeV) RF power (from klystron etc) converted to EM field in resonant cavity. Study field shape, resonant frequencies, Q value, and beam dynamics using ME solvers, models and measurements. ‘Ichiro’ Cavity fabricated at KEK Trapped mode ~2.4498GHz Multi-cavity mode ~2.6420GHz

6. RF acceleration CLIC (1.5 TeV) By specific detuning of cavities one can get acceptably low wakefields with acceptably high Q values Need to detune cavities to avoid wakefields Also designing the Crab Cavity for CLIC

7. RF acceleration Light Source Tests being done at the FLASH facility at DESY 3 rd Harmonic cavity to flatten field shape

8. FP420/ATLASFP Clean signal. Scattered protons go down beam pipe and are detected later Higgs can be produced diffractively at the LHC beam p’ AFP Detector LHC magnets

9. FP420/ATLASFP Modifications to beam pipe and cryostat to accommodate detectors (3D Silicon) Needed to reassure machine group that we can put this in the ring and not destroy the beams. Case now proven

10. The LHC: Backgrounds Rob Appleby at CERN for 2 years, making the LHC work. (Also working on CLIC and LHeC – not covered here) Machine Induced Backgrounds (beam-gas, collimators, beam halo...) increasingly important as Luminosity (and energy) ramp up. Losses shorten beam lifetime, can swamp experiments, can quench magnets. Includes working with Dave Bailey on backgrounds in the LHCb experiment. Picture shows online Beam Loss Monitor display

11. The LHC: Backgrounds What happens if a vacuum valve between ring sections is closed while the beam is stored? Rob’s simulations show that the monitors trigger a controlled beam loss before the superconducting magnets quench

12. LHC Collimators Collimators vital to ensure that particles are lost where they will do no harm – not in the superconducting magnets! Present collimation system known to be inadequate for future beam currents and luminosities. Understanding and modelling need to handle tails of distributions. Codes generally ancient and impossible to update Adapting modern code (Merlin) for collimation: benchmark against existing codes. Manchester now centre for Merlin code support and development

13. EMMA: the first nsFFAG FFAG is a cross between a cyclotron and a synchrotron – able to provide high currents at high energies. Conventional FFAG has slowly varying field and wide beam pipe. Non- scaling FFAG has rapidly varying field and narrow beam pipe. Simpler and more compact. World’s first nsFFAG under construction at Daresbury. Manchester-led CONFORM project

14. EMMA studies Ring not quite complete – but beams get 4/7 of the way round. First emittance* measurements on the injection line * Emittance. Phase space area occupied by beam. Small is good.

15. Thorium Power A smaller cheaper more reliable proton accelerator makes a Thorium-powered ADSR reactor a more practical possibility. Lots of interest – and it’s growing Founded ThorEA – the Thorium Energy Amplifier Association. UK-wide workshops ~ 4-5 times a year. Talking to colleagues in the Dalton Institute

16. Proton Therapy Another possible application. Protons are a better tool for radiotherapy than X rays – certainly in some cases, perhaps in many. Other charged particles (He, C ions?) may be better yet. Important part of CONFORM project Looking to 2 nd generation machines that can paint tumour precisely with voxels Need to know where the dose is going – detector group has ideas Talking to colleagues at the Christie Hospital, supporting their bid to the NHS

17. The Technetium problem Technetium: important and routinely used radiochemical for scanning heart attack victims Traditionally made in Research Reactors – not many left. Alternative: neutron capture on 98 Mo target. Make neutrons through novel 16 O(d,n) 17 F reaction. Proposal shortlisted 99 Mo decays with 67 hour half life to 99m Tc, which is soluble and has a half life of 6 hours

18. Light Sources Involved in design of Diamond, 4GLS, and NLS Now working with MAXlab (LUND)

19. Impact Links worldwide – CERN, DESY, Rostock, Lund, plus, of course, Daresbury, Lancaster and Liverpool Publications: 25 Manchester posters at last large conference. Leading Workpackages in EUCard Lectures at Summer Schools Talks at conferences ( Thorium Energy conference 2010 ‘highlight’) Conferences and meetings organised X-Band 2008 (Cockcroft) – Roger Jones FFAG09(Manchester) – Roger Barlow ADSR09(Manchester) – Roger Barlow IoP PAB Annual Meeting (Manchester, 9 th July) – Hywel Owen and Adina Toader – come and listen to Rolf Heuer XB2010 (Cockcroft, December) - Roger Jones

20. Finance The (marginal) cost to the school of an academic Salary(say)£45,000 Employers NI+USS£11,250 Head tax£2,259 Space tax(25m 2 @£173)£4,325 Central charge(‘faculty weighting’)£35,733 £98,567 Less HEFCE QR£41,814 £56,753 Ph.D. Student(Fully funded) Fee+HEFCE QR£8,500 Or International fee£11,000 Less Space tax(10m 2 @£173) £1,730 Student Tax£1,130 £5,640 FEC Research Grant – say 10% of your time Salary(say)£4,500 Employers NI+USS£1,125 “Overheads”£3,680 £9,305 times 80% £7,444 A PDRA Salary(say)£35,000 Employers NI+USS£8,750 43,750 Cost: Missing 20% of above£8,750 Head tax£2,259 £10,009 Overhead (36,802@80%)£29,442 Profit£19,431

21. The Bottom Line Out 3 new academics @£56,753= £170,259 In Total of 0.78 Academic FEC=£58,063 11.5 students @£5,640=£68,460 5 postdocs @£19,431=£97,155 Balance £53,419 PROFIT

22. Conclusion Lots of good science – Studying the Higgs Boson Treating Cancer Saving the planet through sustainable Nuclear energy And much more Rests on sound financial footing.