1. Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts Chapter 31 Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.

2. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Open and Closed Economies u A closed economy is one that does not interact with other economies in the world. u There are no exports, no imports, and no capital flows.

3. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Open and Closed Economies An open economy is one that interacts freely with other economies around the world.

4. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. An Open Economy u An open economy interacts with other countries in two ways. u It buys and sells goods and services in world product markets. u It buys and sells capital assets in world financial markets.

5. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports u Exports are domestically produced goods and services that are sold abroad. u Imports are foreign produced goods and services that are sold domestically. u Net Exports are exports minus imports.

6. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports  A trade deficit is a situation in which net exports ( NX ) are negative. Imports > Exports  A trade surplus is a situation in which net exports ( NX ) are positive. Exports > Imports u Balanced trade refers to when net exports are zero – exports and imports are exactly equal.

7. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Percent of GDP Exports Imports 0 5 10 15 1950195519601965197019751980199019851995 The Internationalization of the U.S. Economy 1995

8. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Flow of Capital: Net Foreign Investment u Net foreign investment refers to the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners. u A U.S. resident buys stock in the Toyota corporation and a Mexican buys stock in the Ford Motor corporation.

9. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Flow of Capital: Net Foreign Investment u When a U.S. resident buys stock in Telmex, the Mexican phone company, the purchase raises U.S. net foreign investment. u When a Japanese residents buys a bond issued by the U.S. government, the purchase reduces the U.S. net foreign investment.

10. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Variables that Influence Net Foreign Investment u The real interest rates being paid on foreign assets. u The real interest rates being paid on domestic assets. u The perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad. u The government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.

11. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. The Equality of Net Exports and Net Foreign Investment u Net exports (NX) and net foreign investment (NFI) are closely linked. u For an economy as a whole, NX and NFI must balance each other so that: NFI = NX u This holds true because every transaction that affects one side must also affect the other side by the same amount.

12. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Nominal Exchange Rates u The nominal exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another.

13. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Nominal Exchange Rates u The nominal exchange rate is expressed in two ways: u In units of foreign currency per one U.S. dollar. u And in units of U.S. dollars per one unit of the foreign currency.

14. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Nominal Exchange Rates u Assume the exchange rate between the Japanese yen and U.S. dollar is 80 yen to one dollar. u One U.S. dollar trades for eighty yen. u One yen trades for 1/80 (=0.0125) of a dollar.

15. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Nominal Exchange Rates u If a dollar buys more foreign currency, there is an appreciation of the dollar. u If it buys less there is a depreciation of the dollar.

16. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. How Do Changes in Exchange Rates Affect People? n Businesses äAppreciation of the US dollar will hurt US exports and thus US business. äDepreciation of the US dollar will help US exports and thus US businesses. n Tourists äAppreciation of the US dollar will help US tourists by increasing their purchasing power. äDepreciation of the US dollar will hurt US tourists by decreasing their purchasing power.

17. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Purchasing-Power Parity u The purchasing-power parity theory is the simplest and most widely accepted theory explaining the variation of currency exchange rates.

18. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Basic Logic of Purchasing-Power Parity u The theory of purchasing-power parity is based on a principle called the law of one price. u According to the law of one price, a good must sell for the same price in all locations.

19. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Basic Logic of Purchasing-Power Parity u If the law of one price were not true, unexploited profit opportunities would exist. u The process of taking advantage of differences in prices in different markets is called arbitrage.

20. 10,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000,000 100,000 1.00001.0000000001 19211922192319241925 Exchange rate Money supply Price level Indexes (Jan. 1921 = 100) Money, Prices, and the Nominal Exchange Rate During the German Hyperinflation Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.

21. Brief Video on German Hyperinflation n This video shows how the DM price of bread increased almost daily during the German hyperinflation of the 1920’s.