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NEUROCHEMISTRY NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS
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NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.) MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS
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MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY
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BEFORE LOBOTOMY, SHOCK, COMA - NOW DRUGS CHANGE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF BRAIN ELEVATE OR LOWER LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN SYNAPSES AND WHAT RECEPTORS ABSORB
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TREATMENTS ANTI-PSYCHOTICS LITHIUM FOR BIPOLAR PHENOTHIAZINES AND CLOZAPINE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA ILLNESS SPECIFIC
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SSRI’S SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS - PROZAC, PAXIL, XOLOFT (LATE 1980’S) UNLIKE OLDER DRUGS ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PREVENT REUPTAKE OF SEROTONIN NOT ILLNESS SPECIFIC (NOT “ANTI- DEPRESSANTS”)
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HUGH GROWTH
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ARE SSRI’S BETTER? NOT MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OLDER DRUGS FEWER NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS (ALTHOUGH POSSIBLY MORE SUICIDE RISK) NOT ADDICTING
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DOWNSIDE OF SSRI’S MAY NOT BE MUCH BETTER THAN PLACEBOS LONG-TERM EFFECTS? ONLY ELIMINATE SYMPTOMS, NOT UNDERLYING PROBLEM? BENEFITS OVERSTATED
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STRENGTHS OF BIOLOGY BEST FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN ADVANCES IN DRUG TREATMENTS FOR MANY CONDITIONS
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1. OVERSTATEMENTS MOST CONVINCING FOR PSYCHOSES LESS EVIDENCE FOR OTHERS ARE CHEMICAL IMBALANCES CAUSES OR EFFECTS?
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2. GENES NOT DESTINY ONLY A MINORITY OF PEOPLE WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DEVELOP DISORDER OFTEN NEED ENVIRONMENTAL PRECIPITANT ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPRESS - MORMONS AND ALCOHOLISM
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3. WHAT DOES A GENE DO? DIFFERENCE OF GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE (APPEARANCE) E.G. ANOREXIA CULTURE CAN SHAPE PHENOTYPE GENES MAY HAVE GENERAL, NOT SPECIFIC, EFFECTS
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4. MOST M.I. NOT GENETIC MOST PEOPLE WHO GET A DISORDER DO NOT HAVE GENETIC PROPENSITY TO THE DISORDER
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SCHIZ. IN DENMARK THOSE WITH 1ST DEGREE RELATIVES HAVE 10x RATE OF SCHIZ BUT 90% OF PEOPLE WHO DO GET SCHIZ HAVE NO SCHIZ RELATIVES FAR MORE PEOPLE HAVE NO FAMILY HISTORY OF SCHIZ SO DESPITE LOWER % PRODUCE MORE CASES
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