1. Interference Physics 202 Professor Lee Carkner Lecture 22

2. Interference   Due to a phase difference between the incoming waves the amplitude of the resultant wave can be larger or smaller than the original   Light can experience such interference as well   The interference of light demonstrates the wave nature of light

3. Speed of Light  Why does light bend when entering a new medium?   n = c/v  Consider a wavefront half in air and half in glass   Note that:   Light also changes wavelength in a new medium (v = f    Frequency stays the same

4. Phase Change   If light travels through a medium of length L with index of refraction n, the number of wavelengths in that medium is: N = L/ new = Ln/   The difference in wavelengths between two different paths is: N 2 - N 1 = (L/ )(n 2 -n 1 )

5. Phase  We can represent phase in different ways   Phase differences are seen as brightness variations   Destructive interference (  = ½ ) produces a dark spot  Intermediate interferences produces intermediate brightness

6. Diffraction   When a planar wavefront passes through a slit the wavefront flares out   Diffraction can be produced by any sharp edge  e.g. a circular aperture or a thin edge  In order to see light it has to pass through a circular aperture (e.g. your eye), so diffraction affects all images

7. Diffraction

8. Basic Interference   In Young’s experiment sunlight passes through a double slit with a screen on the other side   The two resultant wavefronts overlap to produce constructive and destructive interference  The interference patterns appear on the screen and show bright and dark maxima and minima, or fringes

9. Interference Patterns   The two rays travel different distances and so will be in or out of phase depending on if the difference is a multiple of 1 or an odd multiple of 0.5 wavelengths   L = 1,   L = ½,  What is the path length difference (  L) for a given set-up?

10. Path Length Difference  Consider a double slit system where d is the distance between the slits and  is the angle between the normal and the point on the screen we are interested in   The path length difference for rays emerging from the two slits is  L = d sin   This is strictly true only when the distance to the screen D is much larger than d

11. Maxima and Minima  d sin  = m  For minima (dark spots) the path length must be equal to a odd multiple of half wavelengths: d sin  = (m+½)

12. Location of Fringes   For example: m=1  max = sin -1 ( /d)  min = sin -1 (1.5 /d)  Zeroth order maxima is straight in front of the slits and order numbers increase to each side

13. Interference Patterns  You can also find the location of maxima in terms of the linear distance from the center of the interference pattern (y):  For small angles (or large D) tan  = sin   where m is the order number  The same equation holds for for minima if you replace m with (m+½)

14. Wavelength of Light  If you measure d and  (or y and D) you can solve the above equations for the wavelength of light   Young found 570 nm, fairly close to the true value of 555 nm 

15. Next Time  Read: 35.6-35.8

16. For a diverging lens what is the sign of f, the type of image and the orientation of the image? A)+, real, upright B)+, virtual, upright C)-, virtual, inverted D)-, virtual, upright E)+ real, inverted

17. For a converging lens (with object close to the mirror) what is the sign of f, the type of image and the orientation of the image? A)+, real, upright B)+, virtual, upright C)-, virtual, inverted D)-, virtual, upright E)+, real, inverted

18. For a converging lens (with object far from the mirror) what is the sign of f, the type of image and the orientation of the image? A)+, real, upright B)+, virtual, upright C)-, virtual, inverted D)-, virtual, upright E)+, real, inverted