1. W. Sautter 2007

2. Normal Line Normal Line ii rr ii rr Glass n = 1.5 Air n =1.0  r = angle of refraction  i = angle of incidence Light travels more slowly in glass than air and bends towards the normal when entering glass from air Light moving from glass to air increases speed and bends away from the normal

3. Virtual focus Focus = - Can form only virtual, Erect and reduced images

4. Principle focus Parallel rays Focus = + Can form real images (enlarged or reduced & inverted) or Enlarged virtual images

5. Normal Line rr ii Incident ray Reflected ray Mirror surface Angles are ALWAYS measured from the NORMAL LINE

6. Parallel rays Reflected rays Real Focus Focal length = + Forms real, inverted, Reduced or enlarged Image. Also forms Virtual, erect, Enlarged images.

7. Parallel rays Reflected rays Virtual focus Focal length = - Forms only virtual, erect, reduced images between the virtual focus and the mirror.

8. Waves from a Distant source = crest = trough Barrier with Two slits In phase waves Emerge from slits Constructive interference Destructive interference

9. Wavelength Frequency Velocity Wavelength Frequency Velocity v x =

10. VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE LIGHT MOST “LIGHT” IS NOT VISIBLE TO THE HUMAN EYE ! ONLY ABOUT 7 % OF THE KNOWN KINDS OF LIGHT CAN BE SEEN WITHOUT SPECIAL INSTRUMENTATION.

11. POTASSIUM METAL BATTERY VOLTMETER PHOTONS PICKUP WIRE ELECTRONS ONLY CERTAIN MINIMUM FREQUENCIES OF LIGHT FREE THE ELECTRONS FROM THE METAL (ONLY PHOTONS WITH ENOUGH ENERGY) THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT EXPERIMENT

12. Parallel ray Focal ray Ray thru 2f focus (f) 2 f vertex Reflects thru The focus Reflects parallel To principal axis Principal axis Reflects Back Into itself

13. Parallel ray Focal ray Ray thru 2f f2 f Image is: Real Inverted Reduced Appears between f & 2f Object beyond 2f

14. Image is: Real Inverted Same size Appears at 2f Parallel ray Focal ray ray thru 2f f2 f Object at 2f

15. Image is: Real Inverted Enlarged Appears beyond 2f Parallel ray ray thru 2f Focal ray 2 ff Object between f and 2f

16. Image is: Virtual Erect Enlarged Appears behind the mirror Parallel ray ray thru 2f Focal ray 2 ff ray thru 2f Apparent Convergence Of rays Object inside focus

17. Angle of incidence = Angle of Reflection For each ray Dotted lines Shows the Apparent Ray source

18. Parallel rays Reflected rays Virtual focus Focal length = - Forms only virtual, erect, reduced images between the virtual focus and the mirror. Dotted lines Shows the Apparent Ray focus

19. Apparent Convergence of rays 2 f(f) Focal ray Parallel ray Ray thru 2f Image is: Virtual Erect Reduced Appears behind the mirror

20. focus (f) 2 f xxxx Parallel ray Passes thru The focus Focal ray Refracts parallel To principal axis A ray thru the Center of the lenses Remains unbent

21. Parallel ray focus (f) 2 f xxxx Focal ray Image is: Real Inverted Reduced Appears between f and 2f Object beyond 2f

22. focus (f) 2 f xxxx Focal ray Parallel ray Image is: Real Inverted Same size Appears between f and 2f Object at 2f

23. focus (f) 2 f xxxx Focal ray Parallel ray Image is: Real Inverted Enlarged Appears beyond 2f Object between f and 2f

24. focus (f) 2 f xxxx Image is: Virtual Erect Enlarged Appears on same Side as Object Apparent Convergence Of rays Object Inside focus

25. focus (f) 2 f focus (f) Apparent ray convergence Is on same side as object

26. f 2 f f Focal ray Parallel ray Ray thru center Image is: Virtual Erect Reduced Appears on same Side as object

27. Wave A Wave B Constructive interference Destructive interference Partially Constructive interference

28. Waves from a Distant source = crest = trough Barrier with Two slits In phase waves Emerge from slits Constructive interference Destructive interference

30. 

31. d 0 1 1 2 2 mSPECTRALORDERmSPECTRALORDER 

32. m = spectral order The bright central band is zero and each bright band to the right or left is counted by consecutive integers 1,2,3 etc. d = distance separating the slits (meters) = wavelength of light in meters  = angle between the zero band and the spectral band m

33. Each edge of the slit creates a new wave front. The two new waves then interfer creating a diffraction pattern

34.  m = spectral order The bright central band is zero and each dark band to the right or left is counted by consecutive integers 1,2,3 etc. s= slit width (meters) = wavelength of light in meters  = angle between the zero band and the spectral band m