1. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R How Is Urbanization Affecting Earth’s Weather, Climate and Water Cycle? Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd Deputy Project Scientist - Global Precipitation Measurement and Research Meteorologist, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (marshall.shepherd@nasa.gov) –Collaborators: Michael Manyin (SSAI), Dr. Steve Burian (University of Utah), Dr. Menglin Jin (University of Maryland), Carlos Garza (Clark Atlanta University)

2. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R How Is Urbanization Affecting Earth’s Water Cycle? Level of understanding of land use and aerosols is very low in the weather/climate change assessment and prediction!

3. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Global Warming…What about Global Wetting? Precipitation Anomalies -North America

4. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Terra Urban Areas Affect Therodynamic Structure and Aerosol Composition

5. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Active Satellite Analysis, Modeling, and Field Work Ongoing at NASA GPM Era will extend our capabilities Are Dynamic and Aerosol Microphysics Arguments Converging to Explain Urban-Impacted Precipitation Variability? What are the impacts of the urban environment on the Earth’s climate system and for global climate modeling?** This work has implications for societal applications and decision- support processes (urban flooding, water resources, weather forecasting, urban planning and heat island mitigation)? Current NASA-GSFC Activities Addressing Urban Impacts on Weather, Climate, and the Water Cycle GPM

6. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Satellites Broaden Studies To Many World Cities August 2003 --NASA TRMM- based monthly rainfall product indicating a possible rainfall anomaly over/downwind of metro Atlanta, Georgia (Octagon) Coastal Urban Environments may help to create a convective pump with the sea breeze circulations!

7. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Average annual diurnal rainfall distributions at gage 4311 (UA) for the urban (1984-1999) and pre-urban (1940-1958) time periods Average warm season diurnal rainfall distribution at gage 4311 for the urban (1984-1999) and pre-urban (1940-1958) time periods The peak fraction of daily rainfall is more pronounced for the 12-16 and 16-20 4-hr time increments for the urban time period compared to the pre- urban time period; The warm season experiences a greater diurnal modification Do Cities Affect the Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall?

8. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Factors: Enhanced convergence zone in urban environments increase vertical motionEnhanced convergence zone in urban environments increase vertical motion Destabilization due to UHI-thermal perturbation of the boundary layer.Destabilization due to UHI-thermal perturbation of the boundary layer. Role of Aerosols unclear but being investigated ?Role of Aerosols unclear but being investigated ? Role of Cities in Splitting or Diverting Storms? (Bornstein et al.)Role of Cities in Splitting or Diverting Storms? (Bornstein et al.) How Cities May Create Their Own Rain and Storms? 1740 UTC No Urban 1740 UTC Urban

9. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Evolution of the Urban Boundary Layer

10. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Impact of Cities Even Evident in Arid or Drought Regimes 108-year rain gauge (right) record suggests that rainfall has changed in Post-urban Phoenix (e.g Urban anomaly evident even during 2003 Drought (above))

11. G O D D A R D S P A C E F L I G H T C E N T E R Next Steps Evaluation of global urban precipitation, cloud, and aerosol climatologies Studies of PRecipitation Anomalies from Widespread urban Landuse (SPRAWL) and Houston Environmental Aerosol Thunderstorm (HEAT) Project Coupled atmosphere-land-aerosol modeling experiments to test Dynamic Forcing-Aerosol Efficiency Hypothesis and Land Surface Hydrology Processes Investigation of requirements for future requirements for urban observing systems/missions Assessment of NASA satellite observations (e.g precipitation, aerosols, urban land surface); ground-based systems (e.g. Scanning Raman Lidar, Goddard Lidar Observations of Wind System, HARLIE System); and Modeling Assets (Cloud Ensemble Model, WRF, LIS, Ames supercomputer, etc.) for urban weather assessment and predictive enhancement Developing partnerships to utilize research knowledge, observations, etc. to benchmark in decision support systems (e.g. urban planning agencies, water managers, NOAA-NWS)