1. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 1 11 Valuation of the impact of disasters Session 2 World Bank Institute Ricardo Zapata Marti UN ECLAC

2. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 2 22  Loss of life or injury  Reduced welfare and well being  Material losses and damage  Disruption of “normalcy”  Degrees of affectation Damage and losses

3. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 3 33 Some things are easier to measure than others  It is difficult to determine Lives: the value of lives lost or affected Lifelines: the opportunity cost and benefit, investment and profitability Services: the value and quality of services provided (both curative and preventive) The duration of the transition / emergency phase (when field hospitals and evacuation processes are operational)  It is easier to determine Lifelines: amount of investment required for reinforcement vs. potential losses Lifelines: the cost of reinforcement vs. cost of replacement of affected infrastructure Services: the cost of providing services when infrastructure collapses

4. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 4 44 Sources of information  Strategic sources  The press  Maps  Verification visits  Surveys Quick appraisal Household surveys Expert’s quick appraisal Situational analysis of women and children  Secondary sources Census National or regional reports Survey of Living Conditions PAHO/WHO Reports  Interviews  Remote sensing data  Geographic Information Systems

5. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 5 55 Concepts of valuation: the stock-flow model  Indirect Damages Effects on flows Production Reduced income and increased expenses Are perceived after the phenomenon, for a time-period that can last from weeks to months, till recuperation occurs  Direct Damages Impact on assets Infrastructure Capital Stocks Occur immediately during or after the phenomenon that caused the disaster

6. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 6 66 Infrastructure  Energy Direct damages: Repair or reconstruction of generating plants, substations, conduction lines, distribution grids Indirect damages: Reduced income due fall of demand Increased generating costs by alternative means (thermoelectric plants or energy imports from neighboring countries)  Transport and Communications Direct damages: Replacement cost of automotive stock Repairs or reconstruction costs of roads and bridges, railway tracks, ports and airports Indirect Damages: Increased transport costs Relocation costs for telecommunication towers Income losses due to transport reduction

7. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 7 7 Infrastructure  Direct damages Repairs or reconstruction costs in water collection works, water processing plants, distribution pipes, leakages in water distribution network Repair costs of sanitary sewage network Rehabilitation cost of served water treatment plants  Indirect damages Increased costs of water supply by trucks Digging and equipment of emergency wells Fall of income due to supplying enterprises’ decreased billing Increase of reproductive work of rural women Water supply, drainage and sanitation (link to health sector)

8. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 8 88 Productive sectors  Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Direct ddamages Repair or reconstruction costs of infrastructure, including tertiary level roads Damages or destruction of fishing fleet, animal stock Agricultural product ready to be harvested, stocked agricultural produce and grains Indirect damages Reduced yields in future crops Not planting of future crops Reduced fishing Loss of employment Differential impact on women  Trade and Industry Direct damages Repair or reconstruction costs of infrastructure Repair or replacement cost of equipment and machinery Losses in finished production (stocks and inventories) Indirect damages Reduced production Temporary employment losses Differential impact on women

9. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 9 9 What is it the valuation methodology INDIRECT EFFECTS Loss of services: Supply / demand mismatch Imbalance, inadequacy / resilience Rehabilitation and reconstruction stages Emergency cost estimates (evacuation, field hospitals, alternative facilities / services) Impact analysis (duration of evacuation and / or use of Alternative facilities vs. opportunity /cost, Cost/benefit, costs / profits) INTERVENTION: Prevention and mitigation plan Operational phase, an evaluation: Updating, revision, prevention reinforcement and mitigation (update and maintenance of technological edge) Technical criteria Management criteria DIRECT DAMAGE Goods, equipment, Budget changes (cost / investment) Preparation of technical dossier conservation Prediction Prevention Restoration of service INDIRECT EFFECTS Loss of services: Supply / demand mismatch Imbalance, inadequacy / resilience Rehabilitation and reconstruction stages Emergency cost estimates (evacuation, field hospitals, alternative facilities / services) Impact analysis (duration of evacuation and / or use of Alternative facilities vs. opportunity /cost, Cost/benefit, costs / profits) INTERVENTION: Prevention and mitigation plan Operational phase, an evaluation: Updating, revision, prevention reinforcement and mitigation (update and maintenance of technological edge) Technical criteria Management criteria DIRECT DAMAGE Goods, equipment, Budget changes (cost / investment) Preparation of technical dossier Operational maintenance Training in use of methodology conservation Prediction Prevention Restoration of service Impact assessment Assessment of health network (sanitary system)

10. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 10 Steps in disaster valuation  Calculate direct and indirect damages by sector  Assess the value-added changes expected for every sector in the short term and for a medium-term period to be agreed (3-5 years or more)  Determine the projection of damages of each sector to the others, using input-output tables or sector weighing factors  Build a damage scenario, highlighting variations in the main economic gaps: external sector, fiscal deficit, internal equilibrium (prices, exchange rate, etc.)

11. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 11 An example: composition of damages caused by mitch in central America 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 millions of US dollars SECTORS SOCIAL SECTORS INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES PRODUCTIVE SECTORS ENVIRONMENT (protected areas)

12. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 12 Valuation criteria  Valuation of direct damages will depend on the purpose of the valuation For historical record and comparison over time and with other disasters, present value accounting cost should be used For reconstruction planning and mitigation strategies Replacement prices should be used. Mitigation investment, in terms of reinforcement, redesign, relocation or vulnerability reduction, should be incorporated as additional values.  Valuation of indirect losses will always be done at current market prices of: Lost production and supply of goods and services Additional cost of provision of goods and services under disaster emerging conditions Business losses due to reduced sales and or activity  When insurance exists to cover assets (infrastructure, buildings, machinery, stocks, etc.) and business losses, value will be established on the basis of covered amounts, comparing it to total estimated loss.

13. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 13 Pre-existing conditions (ex ante) Expected performance (without disaster) 3-5 years Disaster impact (ex post) 3-5 years The valuation of direct and indirect effects is done by assuming the pre-existing situation (calculated from sector by sector baselines) and then aggregating effects into national accounts. The national accounts indicators are used to create the disaster-caused scenario, which highlights the gaps between post-disaster performance and that expected prior to the event. Several scenarios may be outlined, based on the assumptions made for the reconstruction process Measuring the damage “delta” or damage gap

14. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 14 Valuation procedure D = Va – Vb Where Va is the initial condition expected for a variable (sectoral, weighed) and Vb is the discounted effect of the disaster. K = Ka – Kb Measures the capital (assets) lost, estimated by compiling direct damages computed sector by sector. DY = Ya – Yb Measures the production/income losses The capital/income-production ratio is generally assumed not to vary substantively as a result of the disaster

15. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 15 To quantify the “pre-existing situation”:  Identify the core development factors of the economy  Identify the main characteristics at the time of the disaster: phase of the economic cycle, seasonal elements, indebtedness level, domestic savings, FDI flows, etc.  Obtain macroeconomic databases from national authorities, academic analysts and/or consultants and advisors in the country  Identify existing econometric models for the local economy  Locate input-output tables if available or determine weighing factors that indicate inter-sectoral linkages.

16. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 16 The effect of successive disasters on capital formation Adapted from Mora, “El impacto de los desastres, aspectos sociales, polítifcos económicos, ambientales y su relación con el desarrollo de nuestros países (BID, 1999) * * * * TIME GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION DEVELOPING COUNTRIIES INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES * DISASTER

17. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 17 Summary table

18. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 18 Summary of global impact

19. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 19 Projecting expected future performance Future Scenarios  1 st Scenario: does not include reconstruction activity  Alternative reconstruction scenarios: Use not replacement but reconstruction costs Consider emerging reconstruction priorities and strategies, sector by sector Consider economy’s capacity to absorb foreign resources, and to realize projects Performance of key economic variables (interest rates, debt capacity, and availability of production inputs and means in the face of impending reorientation of reconstruction resources

20. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 20 Reconstruction scenarios rely on the projected performance

21. Damage and Reconstruction Needs Assessment 21 Procedural aspects of assessment exercises  Composition of team: multisectoral, interdisciplinary, interinstitutional  Timeliness: within the “window of opportunity”, not interfering with emergency actions  Ensure full coverage and avoid duplication  The need for “judgment calls” or the educated guessing of experts  Difference between emergency needs and rapid assessment of need for reconstruction