1. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Arrival of Nationalism in the Balkans * The Ideology * Napoleon’s role Local Circumstances conducive to its spread * Millet cultural autonomy in the Ottoman Empire * Preservation of the memory of historical past in the Ottoman and Habsburg subject populations * Economic Conditions Rise of Trade The Anarchy of the late 18 th century

2. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century The First National Revolutions * The Serbian Revolution – the sanjak of Belgrade – 1804 and 1815 (autonomy in 1830-33) * The Principalities of Walachia and Moldavia-1821 * The Greek rebellion – 1821 It was only after 1830 that these 3 were fully autonomous and only Greece was fully sovereign * The indeterminate status of Montenegro

3. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Principles of determining state territory * Ethnic Rights * Historical Principle The Eastern Crisis, Russo-Turkish War, the Congress of Berlin * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Bulgaria * San Stefano * The new principle – balance of power and compensation The Habsburg Slavs and Romanians

4. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century The Remaining Borderlands Ottoman Europe: Albanians, Slavs, Greeks * the escalation of the Macedonian issue Habsburg Territories: Slavs, Romanians * the situation after the Ausgleich of 1867 * the birth of Yugoslavism

5. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Achievements of Statehood: Constitutional design * All constitutional monarchies - the battles between ambitious monarchs vs. domestic liberals * Most with foreign monarchs - Greece under Otto of Bavaria (Wittelsbach) and George I, prince of Denmark (Oldenburg) - Bulgaria under Alexander of Battenberg and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - Romania under Carol I (Prince Karl of Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen) * Domestic Dynasties in Serbia and Monenegro - Serbia under the Obrenović and Karadjordjević dynasties - Montenegro under the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty

6. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Achievements of Statehood: Parliamentary and Party Politics * The two-party model of the 19 th century (internal development versus expansion) - Greece -Liberals and Conservatives - Bulgaria – Liberal and Conservative - Romania – Liberals and Conservatives - Serbia – Progressive and Radical Party - Montenegro – Prince Nikola * Suffrage- property based, extremely narrow with the exception of Serbia after 1903

7. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Achievements of Statehood: Internal Development * Economic Profile -agricultural societies - peasant societies (Sources: Lampe and Jackson, 1982 “Balkan Economic History,1550-1959” and Michael Paliaret, 1997 “The Balkan Economies, 1800 – 1914”

8. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Gross Output of Selected Sectors, 1911-1913 - percentage share TotalPer Capita RomaniaBulgariaSerbiaRomaniaBulgariaSerbia Large Scale Private Industry18.5108.018.49.88.3 Small Scale Private Industry6.67.89.86.57.99.8 Agriculture53.454.549.853.554.749.6 Forestry7.38.68.07.38.78.1 Livestock Products10.41923.010.918.922.9 Mining and Oil3.80.11.43.40.11.3

9. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century

10. Source:Koulouri “Teaching Modern Southeastern European History; the Balkan Wars”, data is taken from Martin Mayer 1994 “Grundshulenin Sebien warend des 19. Jahrhunderts”

11. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Lacking Support for Agriculture * would lead to peasant revolts, unrest and emigration; creation of radical parties *Bulgaria 1899 (BANU created); Romania – 1907; the Serbian Radical Party *until 1911 around 100 thousand Bulgarians and Romanians emigrated, 320 thousand Greeks, many Montenegrians and less so Serbs

12. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century Industrialization and Urban Development * Creating transportation structure -railroads from Constanta to Cernavoda; Varna to Russe; the Constantinople-Vienna line *Lack of sufficient capital, so constructed largely through foreign loans; became too burdensome * conservative monetary policy but unsound fiscal policy * Tax breaks and reduced import duties for certain companies *Leading sectors: textiles, food processing, and construction materials * Building the Capital Cities

13. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century The expansion of the state * administrative staff around 5% of labor force – among highest number in Europe, and more than France * state expansion of university education for its own employment needs lead to a creation of a ‘class’ of highly educated but underemployed or underpaid young people, as a result of which many were subsequently radicalized * this tendency of the state to be the most prestigous employer persists to this very day; leads to pursuing of education only suitable for state employment and to youth unemployment; on the other hand those inside the system have vested interests not to change this state of affairs

14. Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans 19 th and early 20 th century