1. Latin America, Civilizations in Crisis, Russia and Japan in 1750-1914
Chapters
AP World History
Mr. Bartula

2. Latin America
Latin America was the first world region to be colonized and dominated by Europeans
At the beginning of the period it was dominated by the Spanish and the Portuguese
Ideas from the European Enlightenment spread to Latin America and found support, particularly among the creoles

3. Influence from outside Latin America
The American and French Revolutions excited the creoles and mestizos who hoped for political and economic change in Latin America
Napoleon’s campaigns and invasions of Spain and Portugal meant Latin America was ignored by the Europeans during most of the early 1800s.

4. Haiti
1791: a slave revolt overthrew the French colonial government and created an independent republic under Touissant L’Ouverture
The more radical elements of the French Revolution and the idea of black/mestizo revolts frightened the Creole elites in Latin America

5. Mexico
1810: First rebellion under Father Miguel de Hidalgo, who was supported by mestizos and Indians
Mexican creoles did not support Father Hidalgo’s revolt, and it failed

6. Mexico 1820: A second revolution broke out with Creole support.
1821: Augustin de Iturbide was declared emperor of Mexico
1824: Mexico became a Republic
Mexico initially included all of Central America
Considered a Conservative revolution as few social changes occured

7. Brazil
King Joao VI and the Portuguese Royal Family fled to Brazil during the Napoleonic wars
1822, the King’s son proclaimed independence, and became Emperor Dom Pedro I
Also considered a Conservative revolution

8. The Liberal Revolutions of South America
Simon Bolivar, a creole, led independence struggles in northern South America.
The new nation of Gran Colombia was formed from present day Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
Bolivar admired the United States and wished to introduce similar plans of government and societies in South America

9. The Liberal Revolutions of South America
In southern South America, another creole, Jose de San Martin, led the independence struggle
Argentina, Chile, and Peru all gained independence by 1825
San Martin also admired the United States and wished to emulate its government and society

10. More Conflict and Division in Latin America
Central America became independent of Mexico, formed a united nation, then broke up into independent states by 1838
Gran Colombia split into Venezuela, Ecuador, and Colombia in 1830
Paraguay and Uruguay became independent of Argentina
Bolivia separated from Peru by 1839
Mexico lost its northern territories to the US in the Mexican War

11. Problems of the New Latin American Nations
Poor transportation and communication
Creole elites and the Roman Catholic Church held most political power
Liberal and Conservative Parties in most Latin American nations controlled by Creoles, followed similar policies
Army officers called caudillos ruled most nations as dictatorships
Women, mestizos, and Indians had little or no power
Small middle classes called for reform, but were blocked by the elites

12. Dependent Economies
Latin American economies were dominated by European and increasingly, American interests
Minerals,agricultural products, sugar, rubber, and coffee were important exports
Little industry

13. US Influence in Latin America
1823 The US government announced the Monroe Doctrine to protect the new Latin American nations
Britain supported the Monroe Doctrine in order to protect its trade with Latin America
The Monroe Doctrine caused the United States to gain influence and power over Latin America

14. Mexico
The defeat in the Mexican War caused the overthrow of the caudillo, Santa Anna, and the creation of a liberal constitution in Mexico
1855: La Reforma, a period of liberal reforms and democratization, began
1861: Benito Juarez, a Native American, was elected President

15. Mexico
1862: France invaded Mexico, with conservative support. Juarez was forced to retreat into Northern Mexico.
Maximilian von Hapsburg and his wife Carlota were installed as Emperor and Empress of Mexico by the French
Juarez led the conflict against the French for the next five years

16. Mexico
1865: After the Civil War ended, the US invoked the Monroe Doctrine and ordered the French to leave Mexico
1867: Abandoned by the French, Maximilian was captured and shot, and Juarez resumed power until his death in 1872
After the death of Juarez, General Porfirio Diaz took power and ruled as a caudillo until 1910

17. Brazil
Under the liberal Dom Pedro II, Brazil became one of the most prosperous Latin American nations
After the abolition of slavery in 1888, Dom Pedro II was overthrown and a republic was declared
Caudillos controlled Brazil most of the time thereafter

18. Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottomans
The Ottoman Empire had been wealthy and prosperous for most of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The development of new trade routes by the Europeans led to a loss of revenue by the Ottomans
The Ottomans didn’t industrialize and fell under European influence as European power increased

20. Ottoman Weaknesses in the 19th Century
“The Sick Man of Europe”
Weak, uneducated, sultans
Janissaries
Corruption
Increasing economic domination by Europeans

21. Mahmud II (1808-1839) and the Tanzimat Reforms
Energetic Sultan who recognized reform was necessary
1824: Executed 25,000 Janissaries
Tanzimat reforms introduced western style education; postal system and telegraph; railroads. European advisors to help industrialize and Westernize
Changes in the status of women were discussed but not implemented

22. Continued Problems for the Ottomans
Sultans after the death of Mahmud II were not as interested in reform
Europeans preferred to keep the Ottomans as customers and thus did not encourage industrialization
European nations, particularly Austria and Russia, desired Ottoman territories

23. European Expansion into Ottoman lands
The Crimean War: Russia invaded the Balkans
Russo-Turkish War: Russia forced Ottomans to grant independence to the Balkans
Balkan Wars: Balkan nations and Ottomans in conflict, forerunner of World War I

24. Fall of the Ottoman Empire
1908: Reform minded “Young Turks” forced the abdication of the Sultan, began program of Westernization and modernization
The Ottomans joined the Central Powers in World War I. After their defeat, the Ottoman Empire collapsed

25. Other Muslim Territories and European Influence
In 1801 Muhammad Ali became ruler of Egypt (part of Ottoman Empire, but actually independent)
Muhammad Ali attempted Westernization and industrialization
Europeans who wanted Egypt to produce only cotton blocked these reform efforts
The French and British governments forced the Egyptian government to allow them to construct the Suez Canal in the 1860s
Egypt became part of the British Empire by the 1880s

26. Other Muslim Territories and European Influence
1870s: The Mahdist revolt against the British in the Sudan led to conflict in central Africa
After some successes, the Mahdist forces were finally defeated at Omdurman in 1898
The British and other Europeans then extended their power in Muslim regions

27. Qing Dynasty China (1644-1911) and Western Influence
1700s: Chinese economy and society was strong and prosperous
China had large positive balance of trade thanks to the trade in silver for Chinese products like silk, porcelain, and tea.
Enlightenment leaders in Europe pointed to China as a positive example.

29. The Three Greatest Qing Emperors
Kangxi ( )
Yongchen ( )
Qianlong ( )
China experienced massive commercial development without industrialization.
Having a unified empire meant China never felt the need to expand or colonize
China felt superior to Europeans, whose trade they restricted and whose missionaries were banned

30. European Difficulties Trading With China
China’s demand for silver created a negative balance of trade for Europeans
China restricted European trade as soon as the first Portuguese arrived in the 1500s
China refused to allow free trade by Europeans: Europeans could trade only through one port
China required foreigners to be subservient and considered trade to be “tribute” to the Emperor

31. Early Signs of Chinese Decline, 1800
Large population lacked sufficient food
Corruption in the examination system and other government offices
Increasing number of peasant revolts
Natural disasters increasing

32. The Opium Trade
Opium used as medicine and narcotic in China since 17th century (widely used in other areas, too)
Criminalized by Qing Emperors in 1729
India a major opium producer
British East India Company began to bring opium into China in early 1800s

33. British Opium Warehouse in Patna, India

34. Effects of the Opium Trade on China
1836: Opium the single most valuable import into China
China now had a negative trade balance
1% of China’s population and 20% of its ruling classes were soon addicted to opium
1839 Chinese officials seized and destroyed 3 million pounds of opium from British merchants, resulting in . . .

35. The Opium Wars ,
British forces using modern weapons quickly defeated Qing forces and captured several cities. It was the first war in which iron steamships were used
In the second Opium War, several Chinese cities were destroyed, and the Emperor’s Summer Palace outside Beijing was burned. This is still regarded by the Chinese as a symbol of European barbarism

36. The Summer Palace

37. Results of the Opium Wars
Treaty of Nanking (1842) and Treaty of Tientsin (1860) were humiliations for China
Chinese ports were opened to the West (Hong Kong)
Westerners were allowed to open legations (embassies) in Beijing
Foreign vessels allowed to navigate freely on Chinese rivers
Extraterritoriality granted to foreigners
Chinese forced to pay indemnities to the West
Foreigners (traders, missionaries) allowed to travel without restrictions in China

38. Western steamship in Chinese harbor

39. The Taiping Rebellion 1850s-1860s, southern China Hong Xiuquan
Anti-Confucianism, rights for peasants and women
Finally crushed after about twenty years, but at terrible cost

40. Self-Strengthening Movement
1870s-1880s, aimed at countering Western power in China through modernization
Develop Western technology, industry, weapons, and education
Preserve Confucianism as superior to Western thought (“Western machines, Eastern thought”)
Failed due to opposition from Qing rulers

41. Dowager Empress Ci Xi (1835-1908): An obstacle to Chinese self strengthening

42. The Failure of Self-Strengthening
By the 1890s it was obvious self-strengthening had failed
In the Sino-Japanese War , Japan invaded China and conquered northern territory. This reversed the historic relationship of Japan and China
In the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, the Dowager Empress made a final attempt to drive foreigners out of China. It resulted in the occupation of large sections of China by Western nations and Japan

43. Foreign armies in China in 1900

44. Carving Up The Melon
Western powers and Japan began carving China into spheres of influence
The US inspired the Open Door Policy allowing free trade within China (first major US foreign policy initiative)

45. The Chinese Revolution: 1911-12
Western educated Chinese called for reforms and Westernization in the early 1900s
They fomented rebellions throughout China which weakened the Qing government
Sun-Yat-sen, a western educated doctor, led the revolt which toppled the Qing Dynasty and established a Chinese republic

47. Russia and Japan: Industrialization and Modernization Outside the West
Both Russia and Japan managed to avoid Western domination in the period
Both industrialized later than the West, but were able to do so quickly
Both had prior experience with cultural imitation, and both practiced it during this period
Both practiced imperialism and came into conflict with each other over territory in Asia

49. Russia in the Nineteenth Century
Earlier Russian rulers had sought to modernize Russia without making fundamental changes in Russian society
1812: Napoleon’s invasion of Russia frightened the Tsar and ruling classes and caused them to seek isolation for Russia

50. Russia Under Tsar Alexander I 1801-1825
Grandson of Catherine the Great, originally reform minded
Became increasingly conservative and reactionary after Napoleon’s invasion
Sponsored the Holy Alliance to safeguard Europe from revolution

51. The Decembrist Revolt, 1825
Attempt by Western minded army officers and intellectuals to force a democratic constitution after the death of Alexander I
Tsar Nicholas I ( ) crushed the revolt and ruled as an extreme reactionary
Russia remained agricultural and made few moves towards industrialization

52. The Crimean War 1854-1856 Conflict between Russia and Ottoman Empire
Britain and France fought on the side of the Ottomans
First “industrialized” war
Bloody, violent conflict which Russia lost
Tsar Nicholas I died in humiliation

53. Tsar Alexander II
The new Tsar recognized the need to make reforms
1861: Serfs liberated, but required to pay rent to the landowners
Railroad construction
Industrialization
Small middle class began to develop in Russian cities
Zemstvos, or local councils, set up to help govern, but no fundamental reforms were made and the Tsar remained am absolute monarch

54. The People’s Will and other groups
Impatient with the slow reforms, some Russians formed terrorist groups
The most notorious was The People’s Will, which condemned Alexander II to death
After several assassination attempts failed, The People’s Will managed to murder Alexander II in 1881

55. Sophia Perovskaya and Vera Figner

56. The Assassination of Alexander II

57. Execution of People’s Will members

58. Tsar Alexander III
Reactionary ruler who stamped out dissent in Russia
Implemented Russification program on minority groups within Russia
Encouraged pogroms or massacres of Jews

59. The Growth of Marxism in Russia
Karl Marx believed Russia was unlikely to have a Marxist revolution because it was primarily agricultural, had few cities, and a small middle class
In the 1890s Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin) developed a version of Marxism designed to work in Russia called Marxism-Leninism

60. Marxism-Leninism
Revolution in Russia would be led by small, well-organized elites or cadres
Revolution would seize power, and then would be accepted by the people
No mass uprisings
Lenin’s followers were known as the Bolsheviks

61. Tsar Nicholas II 1894-1917 Tried to maintain the absolute monarchy
Lost the Russo-Japanese War of
Led to the Revolution of 1905, in which Nicholas was forced to grant some powers to a Duma, or national legislature
Eventually led Russia into World War I

62. Nicholas II and his family

63. Japan in the nineteenth century
In isolation since early 1600s
Dutch Studies group maintained some links with the outside world
Japanese well aware of the problems China was suffering
1853: United States sent Commodore Matthew Perry and several ships to Japan to request trading rights

65. Japanese Modernization Begins
1868: New Emperor Meiji took throne
Reform minded samurai and younger leadership forced the Tokugawa Shogun to retire. Beginning of the Meiji Era of modernization

66. Meiji Modernizations and Reforms
New constitution based on Germany’s was implemented, setting up a Diet (legislature) with a Prime Minister
Zaibatsus (corporations with strong government support) were formed to encourage rapid industrialization
Japan’s military adopted Western weapons and fighting techniques

68. The Japanese Empire
Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War ( ) and took control of some northern Chinese territory
Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War ( ) and took control of Korea

69. Other Results of the Meiji Era
Japan became an urbanized, industrialized society overnight, depending on exporting factory made goods
Japanese women supplied much of the industrial labor
The traditional Japanese religion of Shinto enjoyed a revival
Growing Japanese power led to fears in the West of the “Yellow Peril” and restrictions on Japanese immigration in the US.