1. Sedatives & Sleep Michaela Fričová, Pavel Rychlý, Andrea Hároniková

2. What a sedative is? A sedative is: A sedative is: substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS) substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS)central nervous systemcentral nervous system Resuts are: Resuts are: Calmness,, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Calmness,, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurred speech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes.anxiety sleepinessgaitreflexesanxiety sleepinessgaitreflexes

3. Some Facts   Sedatives have different degree of CNS depression   pharmacologic effects are dose related small doses: sedation larger doses: hypnosis larger doses: surgical anesthesia (loss of sensation)

4. Techniques used to study sleep Electroencephalogram (EEG) monitors electrical brain activity Electromyogram (EMG) permits electronic monitoring of head and neck muscles Electro-oculogram (EOG) electrodes placed around the eye, the EOG records eye movement

5. Sleep and sleep cycles  There are three states: Wakefulness Slow-wave sleep – NREM Paradoxic sleep - REM

6. Stages of sleep

7. Age Group Considered Amount of Sleep Needed Average % REM Sleep Infants 16 - 18 hrs/day 50% Toddlers 10-12 hrs/night; 1-2 hrs/day 35% Children 9-10 hrs/night; infrequent naps Teenagers 9.5 hrs/night Adults 7-8.5 hrs/night 20-25% Elders 6.5 hrs/night; 1 hr nap Sleep by Age

8. Types of sedatives Antidepressants Antidepressants Barbiturates Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines Herbal sedatives Herbal sedatives

9. Antidepressants The first useful antidepressants belonged to a group called MAOIs (MonoAmine Oxidase Inhibitors) and were discovered in the early 1950s. (Harmaline, Iproclozide, Iproniazid, Isocarboxazid, Nialamide, Phenelzine, Selegiline, Toloxatone, Tranylcypromine)

10. Barbiturates Used infrequentlyUsed infrequently Should not be used more than 2 weeksShould not be used more than 2 weeks Short-intermediate acting- secobarbital and amobarbital (often, abused)Short-intermediate acting- secobarbital and amobarbital (often, abused) Long-acting- phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and metharbital (generally,not abused)Long-acting- phenobarbital, mephobarbital, and metharbital (generally,not abused)

11. Benzodiazepines Valium is one of these drugs and most frequently prescriben in the U.S. as Xanax Classified according to duration of effects Used to reduce psychic tension, anxiety disorders, or temporary relief of anxiety Effective sedative and less sleep-producing than other drugs in the sedative- hypnotic classification Alprazolam part of Xanax

12. Herbal sedatives Kava (Piper methysticum) Mandragora (Mandragora officinarum) Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Kava is used as a herbal remedy to ease the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression The Mandragora, alone or as an alcoholic infusion, has a long history of use as an anaesthetic Valerian has uses in herbal medicine as a sedative Young Piper methysticum Kava root drying in Lovoni village

13. Valeriana officinalis: Mandragora officinarum

14. Thank you for atention Good night