1. Radiative Atmospheric Divergence using ARM Mobile Facility, GERB data and AMMA stations A proposal led by Tony Slingo to deploy the new ARM Mobile Facility in Niamey, Niger to coordinate with AMMA 2006 and link to GERB Approved in October 2004 by the ARM project –this is a substantial commitment (total budget is about $2.5M) and provides a great opportunity for ARM, GERB and AMMA The ARM site has been established and will be fully operational very soon RADAGAST

2. RADAGAST partners ESSC (Slingo, Settle, Robinson, Allan plus new postdoc) Imperial College (Harries, Brindley,..) GERB Science Team members PNNL/Univ. Washington (Ackerman, McFarlane, Comstock) BNL (Miller) Met Office, ECMWF, NCEP

3. AMMA: 2006

4. ARM program and Mobile Facility The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program was created in 1989 with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) A primary objective of the program is improved scientific understanding of the fundamental physics related to interactions between clouds and radiative feedback processes in the atmosphere. ARM focuses on obtaining continuous field measurements and providing data products that promote the advancement of climate models http://www.arm.gov/

6. SKYRAD Instruments:  Shaded Black & White Pyranometer (B/W) – measures the amount of solar radiation (i.e., sunlight) that is scattered downward by clouds, materials in the air, and the air itself. This value is also known as “diffuse” solar irradiance.  Shaded Precision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) – measures the amount of infrared energy (i.e., heat).  Unshaded Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) – measures the amount of solar radiation that comes directly from the sun and that is scattered by clouds, materials in the air and the air itself. This value is also known as “global” or “total” solar irradiance.  Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer (NIP) – measures the amount of radiation that comes directly from the sun by pointing directly at it. This value is also known as “direct” solar irradiance.  Up-looking Infrared Thermometer (IRT) – measures the temperature of the atmosphere. This temperature is also known as “sky” temperature.  Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR) – measures both diffuse and total solar irradiance at narrow wavelengths, using a black shading arm that rotates over the sensor every 15 seconds. These are used to determine the aerosol optical depth.

7. GNDRAD Instruments:  Down-looking Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) – measures the amount of solar radiation reflected from the surface below the sensor.  Down-looking Presision Infrared Radiometer (PIR) – measures the amount of infrared energy given off by the surface below the sensor.  Down-looking Infrared Thermometer (IRT) – measures the temperature of the surface below the sensor. Surface Meteorological Tower (SMET) Instruments:  Propeller Vane Wind Sensor (Anemometer) – measures the wind speed near the surface.  Temperature and Humidity Sensor (T/RH) – measures the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere near the surface.  Barometer – measures the atmospheric pressure near the surface.  Optical Rain Gauge (ORG) – measures the rate of rainfall.

8. Stand-Alone Instruments:  Total Sky Imager (TSI) – provides time series of hemispheric sky images during the day and is used to determine the percentage of cloud cover.  Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System (ECOR) – measures half-hour averages of the surface vertical fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor by correlating the vertical wind component with the horizontal wind component, sonic temperature, and humidity.  Microwave Radiometer (MWR) – measures time series of column-integrated amounts of water vapor and liquid water from the surface to the top of atmosphere.  Microwave Radiometer Profiler (MWRP) – provides continuous profiles of water vapor, liquid water, and temperature up to 10 km high.  Ceilometer – measures the distance from the ground to the bottom of a cloud directly above, up to 8 km high.  Micro-Pulse Lidar (MPL) – measures cloud heights up to 17 km.  Balloon-Borne Sounding System (BBSS) – provides vertical profiles of both the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and the wind speed and direction.  Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) – measures a spectrum of heat radiation of the atmosphere directly above the instrument at very high spectral resolution. These are used to derive vertical profiles of water vapor and temperature.  Aerosol Observation System (AOS) – provides in-situ measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties near the surface.  W-band ARM Cloud Radar (WACR) – determines cloud boundaries (i.e., top and bottom) and provides radar reflectivity of the atmosphere up to 20 km high.  Radar Wind Profiler (RWP) - measures wind profiles from 2 to 12 km and virtual temperature profiles from 2 to 4 km.

19. RADAGAST: basic methodology We wish to derive the divergence of radiation across the atmosphere, within a column above the ARM site, from observations made at the surface and from space

20. RADAGAST: basic methodology The surface observations come from the ARM site in Niger and the observations from space are provided by Meteosat

21. RADAGAST: basic methodology 1. Observe the surface fluxes using the ARM sites and use additional data to characterize the fluxes over the GERB footprint The ARM observations are representative of only a small area within the footprint of the satellite instruments, so we must use other data to fill in the rest

22. RADAGAST: basic methodology 1. Observe the surface fluxes using the ARM sites and use additional data to characterize the fluxes over the GERB footprint 2. Observe the top of atmosphere fluxes using the GERB and SEVIRI instruments on Meteosat The GERB footprint is about 50km, but the ARCH data have a footprint of about 10km, much closer to the scale of the ARM data

23. RADAGAST: basic methodology 1. Observe the surface fluxes using the ARM sites and use additional data to characterize the fluxes over the GERB footprint 2. Observe the top of atmosphere fluxes using the GERB and SEVIRI instruments on Meteosat 3. Calculate the flux divergence across the atmosphere as the difference between the surface and top of atmosphere fluxes Finally, we calculate the flux divergence from the two sets of fluxes