1. Canada French Exploration to the War of 1812

2. Map Showing Imperial Context in North America before the 1763 Treaty of Paris

3. North America After 1763 Treaty of Paris

4. Map Showing Main Indian Groups in Contact with the French in the Great Lakes region

5. Map Showing Main Indian Groups in Contact with the French in the St. Lawrence Valley

6. New France: “the history of an unfilled dream”  Inconsistent support from king  Struggles to grow population  1534: Jacques Cartier leads first French exploration  1608: Samuel de Champlain establishes Quebec settlement  First permanent European settlement: trading post and embassy  Champlain pushed settlement

7. Habitation at Quebec, built 1608

8. Coureurs des Bois/Voyageurs

9. Fur Trade: Beaver Hats

10. New France  Religious presence: opportunity to convert natives  First Jesuits arrived in 1625  Supported by French crown and New France authorities  After 1665: renewed interest in mercantilist potential of New France  Focus on production of raw materials  Bullion; protection; population  Desire to compete with English colonies

11. Filles du Roi

12. Seigneurial System

13. Quebec Act 1764

14. American Revolution

15. Post American Revolution  1776-1867: colonies of modern Canada known as “British North America”  British question their attitude toward democracy and colonies (having learned the folly of heavy taxes, too much democracy & economic development)  British Parliament debate: Whigs: Be generous, even increase colonial autonomy Radicals: Get rid of colonial burden Tories (Conservatives): discourage democracy, maintain empire  The Result: Tories Prevail

16. Constitutional Act of 1791 New plan to manage empire: 1. “Divide & Rule”- Keep colonies small and dependent; thus, Create new provinces  New Brunswick  Nova Scotia (Cape Breton added in 1820)  Prince Edward Island  Lower Canada (future Quebec)  Upper Canada (future Ontario) NOTE: Newfoundland still more of a territory ruled by a separate governor

17. 1. Divide and Rule: New Provinces A. The Maritimes: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Isle.  Divide Nova Scotia  Many Loyalists (New Brunswick created for Loyalists)  Few new immigrants  Naval, government posts, privileged trading position  Will be slow to resist British rule

18. The Maritimes

19. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia

20. Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia

22. 1. Divide and Rule: New Provinces B. Lower Canada (Modern Quebec):  East and actually more North (It’s the River!)  French: kept French civil law, privileges of Catholic Church, seigniorial tenure  Small farms  British merchant minority  Few new immigrants  Growth by births

24. For Comparison: The U.S. 1800

25. 1. Divide and Rule: New Provinces  C. Upper Canada: (Modern Ontario)  West  Thinly populated, but fastest growing  New lands for new immigrants  Loyalist- want English law and escape from the seigniorial system  “Poor Man’s Country”

27. York (present day Toronto), Upper Canada 1804 York was founded in 1793

29. Constitutional Act of 1791  2. “Restrained Republicanism”  Establish representative government assemblies in each colony, but keep them weak  Strengthen the power of the crown  appointed colonial executive  appointed legislative council for each colony

31. Constitutional Act of 1791  3. Establish a colonial aristocracy/ oligarchy to preserve traditional, conservative values.  Relatives in office provide consistency  Educated elite  Civic minded  Patronage creates loyalty  Patriarchal- treat as children Thus….

32. The Family Compact (Upper Canada) Chateau Clique (Lower Canada)  a popular name for a small clique of wealthy, powerful men who dominated The Canadas from the late-18th to mid-19th century  English commercial class  controlled the government  monopolized political offices  strongly influenced banking, land grant issues, education, the courts, and Anglican church affairs

33. Constitutional Act 1791  4. Establish and support the Anglican Church to preserve traditional, conservative ideals vs. radicalism  Clergy reserves in Upper Canada:1/7 of crown-public lands reserved for support of Protestant clergy  Anglican church powerful and state-endowed

34. Crown and Clergy Reserves: Map of Newtown, Upper Canada 1800 showing 1/7 of land held for clergy reserves and 1/7 to produce government revenue

35. Constitutional Act of 1791  5. Encourage disdain for U.S. and democracy. “Rivalry” to build ties to England.  At first all content  Lower Canada: French used to authoritarian rule, protected under British, feared alien Americans  Upper Canada: Loyalists  Weak condition of Canada  After 1812 start to discourage U.S. immigration by land ownership restrictions -7 year wait.