1. Nziku, Z.C.; Asheim, L.J.; Mwaseba, D. ; EIK, L.O. and Kifaro, G. Agricultural production systems in Mgeta, Mvomero District of Tanzania SUA/Noragric/NILF

2. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 2 SYNOPSIS  Intro: Mgeta and study justification  Challenges and questions  Objective  Methods  Mapping production systems in Mgeta  Conclusion and further work Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

3. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 3  Located on the western side of the Uluguru mountains, 60km from Morogoro town  High altitude 1100-1900m with relatively cool weather  Rain: Sept.-May-270d, dry:Jun.-Aug.95d  About 84% of work force depend on small farming  Agriculture is largely market driven  A wide range of horticultural crops and fruits Introduction: About Mgeta Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

4. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 4  Manual field work in very steep slopes  Vegetables - livestock integration (25yrs for DGTs)  Adapted to rain and dry season cycles  NDGTs & crosses-predominant breed  Local goats are mainly for upgrading  >1500 NDGTs and crosses in 2003 (Tchenzema and Nyandira)  Some pigs and poultry also common Introduction: Mgeta agric.. Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

5. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 5  No possibility for land expansion due to:  Water catchment area for Morogoro and other lowland areas  Important forest reserve area  Steep slopes require investments  Risk of erosion in steep slopes  Need for more permanent vegetation Intro. Study justification Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

6. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 6 Challenges o Climate change awareness, o increased population, o intensive production systems, o competition for water with other areas, o poverty and malnutrition. All these might work together in Mgeta! Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

7. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no  How to cope with the present situation in the best possible way?  Can integrated dairy goat systems become viable economically and environmentally?  This study aimed at developing a model of such integrated systems  We start by a questionnary to farmers regarding economic and environmental constraints 7 Questions and objective Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

8. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 8 Methods: Study area map Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

9. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 9  Purposive sampling technique used  A structured questionnaire developed and used  GPS was used to find plot size  Amount and cost of crop input and output according to plot and season quantified  Revenue from harvest by plot season investigated  Mineral fertilizer, manure and spray use counted  Working h for each crop estimated  Working h livestock management estimated Methods Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

10. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 10  Multipurpose trees, crop residue use enumerated  Animal feeding design, inputs, h required, outputs (milk, live animals and meat) quantified Methods Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

11. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no  Common with > two plots, 0.5 acres  Walking time is 0.20, 0.23 and 1.16 h to the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd plots  Hand hoe used in field work  The MPPT are mainly found around home 11 Results: Plot characteristics Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

12. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 12  In addition to mixed cropping, farmers keep NDGTs, pigs and poultry  Some traditional irrigation is taking place  Intercropping common e.g. beans & maize  Only 32% of the respondent use crop residues for livestock Use of inputs per plot (0.5acre) per season  370kg manure  20kg mineral fertilizers  1.12kg spray Mapping Crop production Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

13. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 13 Amount of crop seeds (kg) per 0.5 acre Cost of inputs (TSH) per 0.5 acre Crop yields (kg) per 0.5 acre Mapping Crop input, cost & harvest Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) MaizeBeansG.peasCabbageTomatoesPotatoesOthers Rain71390.040.0722383 Dry4990.030.0518543 MaizeBeansG. peasCabbageTomatoesPotatoesOthersManureFertilizerSprayLabourIrrigationTerracing Rain97262387136133386333604073750950021667271182357526228500 Dry3875185032437845000248832027524833216673651621673318191000500 MaizeBeansG. peasCabbageTomatoesPotatoesOthers Rain20916642221481759193956 Dry3351962139602096362536

14. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 14  Av. head size: 5, 4 & 3 for DGTs, MGTs and Pigs  Tethering (DGT, MGT), indoor (DGT, MGT &Pigs) and scavenging (Poultry)  On av. 1 L milk/milking per day from one DGT(300days LL) NDGTs and by-products market price  Raw milk sold at 1000/L  Yoghurt at 2000/L  Live F kid at 150,000TZS three months age  Live M kid at < 150,000TZS three months age Mapping Livestock production: Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

15. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 15 Opportunities for increased milk from DGT  Improved marketing for milk and milk products  More milk added values  More MPPTs and improved fodders  More concentrates  Good policy in favour of DGTs  Capacity building to extension agents & farmers  Farmers involvement in DGTs breeding programs Mapping Livestock production Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

16. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 16 Common fruit trees around home field:  Plums (Prunus spp)  Peaches (Prunus persica)  Pears (Pyrus spp)  Apples (Malus spp)  Banana (Musa spp) Trees and grasses at borders and communal land  Mulberry (morus spp) (goats feeding)  Leucaena spp – (goats feeding)  Pennisetum spp –(Grass for feeding) MPPTs and Grass Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

17. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 17 Livestock inputs and revenue Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Amount of inputs kg per Year Animal specie ConcentratesDrugs Dairy goats 69327 Meat goats 29712 Pigs 225211 Animal specie Cost of inputs TZS Per Year ConcentratesDrugsOthers Total Dairy goats 172413144238991 195827 Meat goats 7389161813853 83925 Pigs 60093977927663 616394

18. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 18 Hours required for cropping per season per 0.5 acre Hours required for livestock per animal/year Labour requirement Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) Land Prep.PlantingWeedingFertilizerPesticidesIrrigateHarvestTransport Total Rain 752132111318257 202 Dry 72373313 34236 231 Feed prep.FeedingHerdingTetheringMilkingCleaning Total Dairy goats 73482763118840 656 Meat goats 312111813017 200 Pigs 1006700039 206

19. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 19  Crop-livestock is a potential system for improving the livelihood of people in Mgeta  Intensification of DGTs and more MPPT/grass can be an option for economically and environmentally friendly farming in the water catchment area Further tasks:  Parameter estimation for the model  Running the model  Findings may be used to examine the economic and environmental impacts of the production systems and develop policy measures for more C sequestration Conclusion and further work Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)

20. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES www.umb.no 20 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING THE END Norwegian Agr. Econ. Research Institute (NILF) Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA)