1. Management n Good Management Practices is... SustainableProfitable Environmentally friend Acceptable to farmer and communities n P D C A พรหมวิหาร 4 : ฉันทะ ( พอใจในสิ่งที่ทำ ) วิริยะ ( เพียร พยายามทำให้เต็มที่ ) จิตตะ ( ใส่ใจใน สิ่งที่ทำ ) วิมังสา ( คิดทบทวนให้รอบคอบ )

2. Management n 3 M -Materials -Money -Man n as objectives or vision or strategic planning -Plan (data, experience & knowledge) -Do -Check -Act

3. Pasture management การจัดการทุ่งหญ้า n What is pasture management ? -Pasture = land + forage for cattle production -Management = doing + systems (or components) + productivity -Economic concern = input - output = profit n Objectives -High animal production -Sustainability of the resources & system

4. Land / soil Plant / Forages Animal Atmosphere CO 2 N 2 Minerals Solar energy Water Animal product

5. Animal production n animal production / area = animal production/ head X no. of animal n animal production / head eg. milk/head/lactation, live weight gain /head/day etc. depends on -genetics or breed -animal husbandary and hygine -feed of optimum quantity & quality n no. of animal vs carrying capacity

6. Agricultural systems for pasture in SE. Asia n Paddy areas n Field crop areas n Fruit plantations n Permanent trees eg. rubber, oil plam, coconut n Idle land or wasteland n Backyard

7. Land area suitable for pasture n Typically less productive land will be allocated to pasture n Topography n Water & climatic conditions n Road or accessibility n Land use history n Soil fertility n Availability of labour n Market for animal & its products

8. Type of pasture and fodder crops n Grass for permanent grazing pasture : ruzi, para (mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola etc. n Grass for cut and carry system : napier, guatemala, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc. n Natural grasses : Paspulum, Axonopus, Panicum repens, Chloris, Love grass (Chrysopogon) n Plant residues : rice straw, corn stubble, sugar cane, pine apple, legume wines etc. n Legumes : leuacaena, verano stylo, centro, desmodium n Field crops :cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean n Molasses and other industrial by-products

9. Pasture establishment n planting materials -vegetative propagation : cutting, tillering nursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5 monthsnursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5 months -seed propagation good seed quality in handgood seed quality in hand n land and soil preparation -season

10. Land preparation n whole project area n considered paddock and type of enterprise n road and accessibility n waterway and drinking water n shelter n right season n good soil preparation prevent soil erosion

11. Seed sowing n seed quality -% germination -% purity -% pure live seed (PLS) -% moisture -seedling vigor -hardseediness n seed rate n sowing methods n Rhizobium inoculation

12. Sowing and planting n right season -moisture -less weed competition n uniform distribution of seed n fertilizer requirement (basal fertilizer)

13. Botanical composition n Grass -sown grass -native or natural grass n Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf) n Legumes -sown legume -native or natural legume live (green) vs dead materials of plant parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect. ) live (green) vs dead materials of plant parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect. )

14. n How to determine botanical composition ? -weight, frequency, cover, dominant index n Why legumes ? -good quality feed -improve soil fertility -10 - 40 % legumes + 90 - 60 % grasses

15. Efficiency of pasture management q amount of pasture grown / unit input eg. land, money, water, fertilizer ect. q amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture grown q amount of animal product / unit of eaten pasture q 1 X 2 X 3 = animal production from pasture