2. Ensiling phases Clostridia! anaerob!..but pH sensitive! L. monocytogenes gram-positive facultative anaerobic IN SPOILED SILAGES! E. coli Toxins! Yeast Aerobic insta- bility! Moulds Myco- toxins!

3. additives Silage additives Stimulantsinhibitors substrate suppliers anaerobic Inoculant enzymes sugars aerobicacids others Lactic acid cellulasemolasses propionic acidformic Sulphur dioxyde Bacteria amylasesucroses sulfatesmineral formaldehyde hemicellulasesglucoses caproic acidlactic Sodium bisph proteases sorbic acidacetic pectinases ammoniabenzoic acetic acidacrylic propionatescytric sorbic

4. Biomin ® BioStabil blend of different homofermentative and heterofermentative bacteria for optimal anaerobic and aerobic stability of silages homofermentativeheterofermentative lactic acid acetic acid anaerobic stability aerobic stability

5. Bacteria Homofermentativeheterofermentative Lactobacillus acidophilusL. Brevis L.CaseiL. Buchnerii L CoryniformisL. cellobiosios L PlanterumL fermentum L salivariusL viridescens Pediococcus acidilatictic P damnosus Enterococcus Faecium e. Faecium lactobacillus

6.  Isolation and characterization  of bacteria out of silages  Evaluation and selection of most effective strains Production of lactic acid (high amount / very fast) Production of acetic acid Ratio lactic/acetic acid (differentiation homo- and heterofermentative) Good growth in a broad pH range Good efficacy in a broad range of forages and grains  Safety Risk assessment  Stability  Fermentation performance Highest product quality 1. Selection of the best silage strains for the product strain identity Virulenceactivity „ GRAS“ status Antibioticresistance Risk analysis

7. 1. Evaluation and strain selection Range of metabolic end products Production of lactic acid (high amount / very fast) Production of acetic acid Ratio lactic/acetic acid (differentiation homo- and heterofermentative) Good growth in a broad pH range Good efficacy in a broad range of forages and grains

8. Selected strains: High production of lactic acid (LA) High production of acetic acid (AA) Optimal ratio between LA and AA Appropriate for the registration (GRAS status) Enterococcus faecium Lactobacilus plantarum Lactobacillus brevis Criteria for selection Multistrain for different substrates for different energy sources more stable Biomin ® BioStabil

9. Enterococcus faecium Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus brevis Biomin ® BioStabil

10. Energy losses CauseEvaluation Losses (%) RespirationUnavoidable1- 2 FermentationUnavoidable4- 10 FluidsDepending on technique 0- 7 Field lossesDepending on technique 1- 5 Inadequate fermentationAvoidable0- 10 Anaerobic changes (storage)Avoidable0- 10 Aerobic changes (feed out)Avoidable0- 40 Total losses6- 84

11. Naturally ahead Forage production

12. DM LOSSES moisture% filling seepage gas Top-spoil Feedout Total Based on Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture, 4th ed. See Bickert et al (1997

13. Silage Average Dairy Farm: 500 cows + young stock. Corn silage :8300 t ( 2900 t DM) @ R500/ton Hay : 700 t ( 570 t DM) @ R700/ton Total costs/value: (8300 ton*R500/t)+(700 ton*R700/t)=4,6 mln R

14. Dry matter losses Losses are; Best case: 17 % 4,6 mln R *17% = 782.000 R or Worst case: 30% 4,6mln R* 30% = 1,38 mln R

15. Energy losses CauseEvaluation Losses (%) RespirationUnavoidable1- 2 FermentationUnavoidable4- 10 FluidsDepending on technique 0- 7 Field lossesDepending on technique 1- 5 Inadequate fermentationAvoidable0- 10 Anaerobic changes (storage)Avoidable0- 10 Aerobic changes (feed out)Avoidable0- 40 Total losses6- 84

16. BioStabil effect on Energy and DM Values that can be expected provided good management practises: BioStabil Plus BioStabil Mays Expected Dry Matter recovery (%) 1,80%2% Expected Energy recovery (NEL/kg DM) 0,23 MJ (0,055 Mcal) 0,18 MJ (0,043 Mcal) 1 Mcal = 4,184 MJ Energy (NEL, Mcal)/kg milk: 0,72511

17. Energy losses Corn silage 2900 t DM= 18.4 mMj recovery Max Losses 30% = 5520000 MJ Min Losses 5 % = 920000 MJ OR 540 T extra dry corn!

18. economics Cornsilage 2900 t DM: Energy recovery: 0,18 Mj/kg dm 1500000 kg*0,18 Mj= 270.000 Mj. Corn= 8,5 Mj = 61 t Corn=150.000 R Without taking the protein quality in consideration

19. Questions? Onno.breitsma@biomin.net