1. KRZYSZTOF PIETRUSZKA, ph.D. e-mail : e-mail : pietrusz@uci.agh.edu.plpietrusz@uci.agh.edu.pl www: www: http://galaxy.uci.agh.edu.plhttp://galaxy.uci.agh.edu.pl

2. C o n t o u r s The most common way of indicating relief on a map is using contours. A contour is a line connecting points of equal elevation. by interpolating Contours are drawn by interpolating between points whose positions and elevations have been measured and plotted. The vertical distance between level surfaces forming the contours is called the contour interval. The contour interval selection depends on the diversity of relief in the area being mapped as well as the purpose and scale of the map.

3. 1.A contour is a line drawn on a plan joining all points of the same height 2.Contours cannot cross, split or join other contours, 3.The height between successive contours is called the vertical interval or the contour interval. Its value depends on the variation in height of the area being contoured. The contour interval is kept constant for a plan or map. Contouring

7. 5 10 15 A contoured spoil heap. 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

8. contouring from random spot heights from a grid of spot heights

9. 0.23 208.00 L This is a calculation method 208.23 207.45 X = ? Y = ? 0.78 0.55 X / L = 0.55 / 0.78 x = L * 0.55 / 0.78 = 0.71 = X Y / L = 0.23 / 0.78 y = L * 0.23 / 0.78 = 0.29 = Y 208.23-207.45=0.78 208.00-207.45=0.45 208.23-208.00=0.23

10. To locate the position of the 8m contour between the two points 7.45 8.23 It is 0.55m above LH point Draw a line 55 units long, below LH point It is 0.23m below RH point Draw a line 23 units long, above RH point Join the ends of these two lines The 8m contour point is at the intersection of the two lines 8m This is a graphical method

11. Transparent paper This is a graphical method

12. 205.50 208.75 X X X 206.00 207.00 208.00 This is a graphical method

13. 207.00 205.50 208.75 296.00 298.00 208.50 298.00 Contour lines 205.25 297.00 206.00 This is a graphical method

18. nr E N elev 157 2210.00 1021.00 -70.3 157 2210.00 1021.00 -70.3 161 2166.48 947.21 -71.5 161 2166.48 947.21 -71.5 167 2108.90 990.92 -67.8 167 2108.90 990.92 -67.8 124 2119.40 1012.12 -101.2 124 2119.40 1012.12 -101.2 325 2594.37 1155.03 -94.5 325 2594.37 1155.03 -94.5 308 2864.83 1093.70 -80.8 308 2864.83 1093.70 -80.8 305 2905.61 1047.98 -88.3 305 2905.61 1047.98 -88.3 304 2899.95 1075.36 -85.0 304 2899.95 1075.36 -85.0 306 2882.82 1083.18 -76.8 306 2882.82 1083.18 -76.8 322 2762.22 1126.95 -100.7 322 2762.22 1126.95 -100.7 330 2710.86 1149.65 -96.6 330 2710.86 1149.65 -96.6 3252 2590.30 1134.53 -104.3 3252 2590.30 1134.53 -104.3 3251 2587.86 1118.09 -115.7 3251 2587.86 1118.09 -115.7 109 2574.61 1134.98 -102.6 109 2574.61 1134.98 -102.6 1233 2489.19 1108.38 -108.7 1233 2489.19 1108.38 -108.7 1231 2501.68 1126.47 -99.5 1231 2501.68 1126.47 -99.5 1331 2398.00 1025.00 -174.0 1331 2398.00 1025.00 -174.0 1311 2417.00 1064.00 -125.4 1311 2417.00 1064.00 -125.4 1391 2351.00 1082.00 -100.5 1391 2351.00 1082.00 -100.5 507 2704.24 1257.35 -71.3 507 2704.24 1257.35 -71.3 340 2641.79 1174.38 -92.6 340 2641.79 1174.38 -92.6 203 2616.16 1260.10 -71.3 203 2616.16 1260.10 -71.3 113 2558.44 1158.38 -87.6 113 2558.44 1158.38 -87.6

20. Surface subsidence using GPS