1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1.A tested explanation of a natural phenomenon that has become widely adopted is a scientific A. hypothesis B. law C. theory D. observation Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1.A tested explanation of a natural phenomenon that has become widely adopted is a scientific A. hypothesis B. law C. theory D. observation Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. If experimental results do not match their predictions, scientists generally will F. repeat the experiment until they do match. G. make the measurements more precise. H. revise their working hypothesis. I. change their experimental results. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2.If experimental results do not match their predictions, scientists generally will F. repeat the experiment until they do match. G. make the measurements more precise. H. revise their working hypothesis. I. change their experimental results. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Scientists who study weather charts to analyze trends and to predict future weather events are A. astronomers B. environmental scientists C. geologists D. meteorologists Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Scientists who study weather charts to analyze trends and to predict future weather events are A. astronomers B. environmental scientists C. geologists D. meteorologists Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. What type of model uses molded clay, soil, and chemicals to simulate a volcanic eruption? F. conceptual model G. physical model H. mathematical model I. computer model Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. What type of model uses molded clay, soil, and chemicals to simulate a volcanic eruption? F. conceptual model G. physical model H. mathematical model I. computer model Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1 5. Which of the following is an example of a new technology? A. a tool that is designed to help a doctor better diagnose patients B. a previously unknown element that is discovered in nature C. a law that is passed to fund scientists conducting new experiments D. scientists who record observations on the movement of a star

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. Which of the following is an example of a new technology? A. a tool that is designed to help a doctor better diagnose patients B. a previously unknown element that is discovered in nature C. a law that is passed to fund scientists conducting new experiments D. scientists who record observations on the movement of a star Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response 6. What is the term for the factors that change as a result of a scientific experiment? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued 6. What is the term for the factors that change as a result of a scientific experiment? dependent variables Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued 7. Why do scientists often review one another’s work before it is published? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued 7. Why do scientists often review one another’s work before it is published? to determine the validity of the results and conclusions Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills Read the passage below. Then, answer questions 8–10. Scientific Investigation Scientists look for answers by asking questions. These questions are often answered through experimentation and observation. For example, scientists have wondered if there is some relationship between Earth’s core and Earth’s magnetic field. To form their hypothesis, scientists started with what they knew: Earth has a dense, solid inner core and a molten outer core. They then created a computer model to simulate how Earth’s magnetic field is generated. The model predicted that Earth’s inner core spins in the same direction as the rest of Earth does but slightly faster than the surface does. If the hypothesis is correct, it might explain how Earth’s magnetic field is generated. But how could the researchers test the hypothesis? Because scientists do not have the technology to drill to the core, they had to get their information indirectly. To do this, they decided to track the seismic waves that are created by earthquakes. These waves travel through Earth, and scientists can use them to infer information about the core. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 8. The possibility of a connection between Earth’s core and Earth’s magnetic field formed the basis of the scientists’ what? A. theory B. law C. hypothesis D. fact Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 8. The possibility of a connection between Earth’s core and Earth’s magnetic field formed the basis of the scientists’ what? A. theory B. law C. hypothesis D. fact Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 9. To begin their investigation, the scientists first built a model. What did this model predict? F. Earth’s outer core is molten, and the inner core is solid. G. Earth’s inner core is molten, and the outer core is solid. H. Earth’s inner core spins in the same direction as the rest of Earth does. I. Earth’s outer core spins in the same direction as the rest of Earth does. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 9. To begin their investigation, the scientists first built a model. What did this model predict? F. Earth’s outer core is molten, and the inner core is solid. G. Earth’s inner core is molten, and the outer core is solid. H. Earth’s inner core spins in the same direction as the rest of Earth does. I. Earth’s outer core spins in the same direction as the rest of Earth does. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 10. Why might the scientists have chosen to build a conceptual model of Earth, instead of a physical model of Earth? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Reading Skills, continued 10. Why might the scientists have chosen to build a conceptual model of Earth, instead of a physical model of Earth? Because of the complexity of the inner workings of Earth, a conceptual model would be more practical and accurate than a physical model would be in this case. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics Use the figure below to answer question 11. The figure shows a diagram of the four major areas studied by Earth scientists. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics, continued 11. A scientist studying the events that take place in area C would be primarily concerned with which of the following? F. Earth’s age G. Earth’s weather H. movement of waves and tides I. movement of the stars across the sky Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics, continued 11. A scientist studying the events that take place in area C would be primarily concerned with which of the following? F. Earth’s age G. Earth’s weather H. movement of waves and tides I. movement of the stars across the sky Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics, continued Use the figure below to answer question 12. The figure is a flowchart of the scientific method. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics, continued 12. What are two possible outcomes of the experimental process? What would a scientist do with the information gathered during the experimental process? Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Interpreting Graphics, continued Answers should include the following: scientific methods are logical ways of solving problems but are not sets of steps that are followed in an invariable sequence, nor that lead to an invariable outcome; possible outcomes include new observations and data collection; scientists analyze data to decide whether the data support or disprove a hypothesis; if data disprove a hypothesis, the hypothesis is rethought; not only do experimental results sometimes lead to new hypothesis, but they also may open new avenues for investigation by suggesting new questions. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 1 12. What are two possible outcomes of the experimental process? What would a scientist do with the information gathered during the experimental process?