1. B9902036 洪健睿 B9902045 許仲皓

2. Frequency ： uncommon, with a prevalence of 1 case per 25,000 population (as in the United States). Signs and symptoms ： polydipsia ： extreme thirst (especially for cold or ice water) polyuria ： excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine

3. Central (neurogenic) DI ： decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the brain. Nephrogenic DI ： inability of the kidney to respond normally to ADH.

4. arginine vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) aquaporin-2 water channel (AQP2)

5. Acquired (most common) Hereditary ： TypeGeneLocus NDI 1AVPR2 (a) X-linked genetic defect. (b) causes the arginine vasopressin receptor V2 receptor in the kidney to not function correctly. NDI 2 (rare) AQP2 (a)Gene map locus ： 12q13 (b) mutation in the aquaporin 2 gene impede the normal function of the kidney water channel

6. AQP2 The mutation of AQP2 gene causes ： 1. misfolding of mutant aquaporin-2 water channels 2. unsuccessful AQP2 transition in the ER

8. transcription factor intracellular receptor (steroid ligand) epithelial sodium channel sodium- potassium pump

9. ADHRAAS (aldosterone) Secretion hypothalamus ADH adrenal cortex aldosterone Homeostasisblood osmolarity blood pressure, blood volume Function increases permeability H 2 O reabsorption Prevents furthur dehydration increases Na + reabsorption passively reabsorbs H 2 O

10. Adrenal gland Kidney ex. Aldosterone  Anterior Pituitary Hormone  Tropic Hormone ： targets endocrine glands adrenal cortex  Adrenal Cortex ： secretes corticosteroids glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids  Severe stress rises the blood ACTH level

11.  Campbell N. A., Reece J. B., and Mitchell L.G. Biology 8th ed. Benjamin/Cummings. 2008.  Campbell N. A and Reece J. B. 生物學第六版 ( 下冊 ), 偉明圖書有限公司, 2007  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/117648-overview  http://www.bhp- gc.tw/index.php?mo=DiseasePaper&action=paper1_show&cate=Set1&csn=72&sn=2 50  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus#Hereditary  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/304800  http://www.ndif.org/public/pages/1-Introduction  http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 尿崩症  http://g.wanfangdata.com.hk/Service/File/File.ashx?fileid=Periodical_zhszb98201004 011&pay=True&sign=0A8EAE9400DDAA5203A42726CBDD22E85B7575C6103822 BCD877A758592162722AC491A1DB9B07123F5CD4D5A7A5782BE6858C0B0B696 8D94FF44170C015FDEE65ECAB4BDCC7B6C5B3E3B857B8315E20D21DD5F6E7 4EC8B3D3868FD9F27AE42B64A889ABCE3EEB8A2D878D765F72098D7A6DBEC 837B3E53042DA4E6C7655B292&Type=  http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-adh-and- aldosterone/  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone  http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/vol52/issue4/cover.shtml