1. Prediction of Load-Displacement Curve for Weld-Bonded Stainless Steel Using Finite Element Method Essam Al-Bahkali Jonny Herwan Department of Mechanical Engineering King Saud University, P.O.Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia Multiphysics Dec 09-11, 2009 Lille, France

2. 2 Background It is one of the oldest cost effective, less labor and readily automated electric welding techniques that is used to join similar and dissimilar metals. Introducing an adhesive layer in conjunction with a spot weld nugget helps strengthening welded joints and balancing stresses in the weld nugget area. Optimum welding quality of a spot welded or a weld- bonded joints, Required optimum welding parameters, i.e. welding current, electrode force, and welding time. MULTIPHYSICS 2009

3. 3 The advantages of resistance welding process include –short process times –heat focused at the material interfaces. –easily be automated While experimental work provides the necessary physical insight about the behavior of spot-welded joints, predictive tasks such as design; analysis and evaluation of spot-welded structures are often carried out by computational methods In predicting stress distribution, stress concentration and failure modes of a weld-bonded or a spot welded nugget, a finite element modeling can do an excellent job in this regard. MULTIPHYSICS 2009

4. 4 Engineers use the process of adhesive bonding to join materials Adhesive bonding can be used to adhere a wide range of materials such as metal to metal, metal to ceramic, metal to polymer, … etc. Some advantages of adhesive bonding –Reducing weight –Uniform stress distribution –Fatigue resistance –Ability to join thick with thin materials as well as the ability to join dissimilar materials. –No stress concentration MULTIPHYSICS 2009

5. 5 There are two types of Bonded structure –Purely Adhesive –Adhesive/Mechanical Connection. Bonded-Welded Bonded-Riveted Bonded Screwed connections The combined connections ensure high fatigue strength of the structures. Single lap welded joint is one of the important method used to join two plates together. MULTIPHYSICS 2009

6. 6 Objective In present work –Manufacturing point of view To develop a finite element model of weld-bonded that can represent a complete load-displacement curve Minimize the experimental or trial in industrial application –Design point of view To obtain the representative weld-bonded model which has reasonable deformation shape and fracture initiation. To design the position and the effective number of these joints in the mechanical structures MULTIPHYSICS 2009

7. The scope of research MULTIPHYSICS 2009 7 Already done by some researchers: -A. De, et al [2003] -E. Feulvarch, et al [2004] -J. Z. Chen, et al [2006] -There was Sorpass Software that can analyze the temperature distribution, size of nugget and Heat Affected zone (HAZ) Process Parameters : welding current welding time electrode force etc Size, Properties of Nugget, and HAZ Deformation and Fracture of the Joints Our research !

8. Experimental Analysis Material Verifications - Base Metal Tensile Test - Ductile Fracture Limit of AISI 304 steel - Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Adhesive Bonding Spot Weld Micro-hardness & Spherical Indentation Lap Shear Tensile Test Weld-Bonding

9. Finite Element Analysis MULTIPHYSICS 2009 9

10. FE Modeling and Boundary Conditions MULTIPHYSICS 2009 10 F 100 mm 30 mm 25 mm Bonded Model (T.V) F 100 mm Bonded Model (F.V) Adhesive Strip - B y x y x z x F 5 mm Weld-Bonded Model (F.V) Nugget Strip - A

11. Assumptions MULTIPHYSICS 2009 11 3-D FE model Half of the model was considered to save computation time Isotropic adhesive layer The elastic-plastic FE model was considered in current analysis for verifying the model with the experimental test There is no adhesive layer in a zone 1 mm around the circumference of the welds The damage evolutions were chosen arbitrary in term of displacement because the failure propagation is not considered

12. Finite Element Meshes The FE mesh was modeled using eight- node linear brick reduced integration elements for strips and nugget 12 MULTIPHYSICS 2009 Strip - A Adhesive Part Transverse direction Longitudinal direction Strip - B Bonded Model Partial of the Bonded Model The FE mesh for adhesive layer was modeled using eight-node 3-D cohesive element

13. Fine mesh was used in strips around the nugget, nugget, and adhesive layers 13 MULTIPHYSICS 2009 Nugget Part Partial of the Adhesive Model Partial of the Weld-Bonded Model

14. Stress Triaxiality In Abaqus, the ductile fracture limits are in term of stress triaxiality The stress triaxiality equation can be written as: Where Stress triaxiality can be obtained through equivalent fracture strain. This can be done by conducting standard tensile test to record the true strains at the fracture limit. The value of the stress triaxiality were calculated numerically using finite element modeling of the notch tensile test MULTIPHYSICS 2009 14

15. Hardness Measurement and Indentation Test Micro-hardness test was used to define the location of the weld nugget and heat affected zone (HAZ) The hardness measurement started from the center of the nugget and move a way from the center to the heat affected zone with a step of 0.25mm. To obtain the plastic properties of each region, spherical indentation ( 2mm diameter) was carried out at several loads. Spherical indentation data can be transferred to true stress-true strain curve using Ahn-Equation: Where σ is the true stress, ε is the true strain, φ is the plastic constrain factor =3.6, P is the load, P m is the mean pressure, α is the adjustment constant = 0.14, a c is the contact radius between the indenter and material, R is the indenter radius. MULTIPHYSICS 2009 15

16. Micro-hardness and Spherical Indentation Results MULTIPHYSICS 2009 16

17. Tensile Test Comparison between Experimental and Finite Element Model MULTIPHYSICS 2009 17

18. Load- Displacement Curve of Spot Welding MULTIPHYSICS 2009 18

19. Initial Failure Comparison between Experimental and Finite Element Model MULTIPHYSICS 2009 19 Failure Initiation from Experimental and Finite Element Model at HAZ

20. Load- Displacement Curve of Adhesive Bonded MULTIPHYSICS 2009 20

21. Load- Displacement Curve of Weld- Bonded MULTIPHYSICS 2009 21

22. 22 Conclusions The ductile fracture limit criteria were developed to predict the deformation and fracture initiation of the model. Detailed material properties of each zone of resistance spot welding (nugget, heat affected zone, and base metal) are essential to accurately simulate the model. Reverse engineering analysis is introduced to get those material properties by modeling the indentation process using finite element software, and conduct some iteration of models until the load-displacement curve of indentation agree with the experimental curve. The results in general for the load-displacements curve from finite element model shows a good agreement with the experimental data. MULTIPHYSICS 2009