1. Photo-oxidize = broken down by the sun

2. Unit 2 Exam Review

3. Review: Oceanography: – the study chemistry, geography, and geology of the oceans & human’s interactions with the oceans. Earliest Recorded Sea Voyage: – The earliest recorded sea voyage was by the Egyptians around 3200 B.C. Phoenicians: – Established early trade routes & never left the sight of land Polynesians: – Earliest known regular, long-distance, open-ocean seafaring

4. Review: Greeks: – First to use math to develop sophisticated maps for seafaring Pytheas: – First known to be able to predict Atlantic tides based on phases of the moon Eratothenes: – Used math to accurately determine the circumference of the Earth to be approximately 40,000 km

5. Review: Leif Eriksson: – A Viking credited as the first to discover North America (Newfoundland, Canada)

6. Review: Christopher Columbus: – Discovered the Bahamas while sailing in search of India; widely credited for discovering America Ferdinand Magellan: – First to circumnavigate the globe Shift in Reasons for Ocean Voyages (18 th Century): – Prior to the 18 th century seafaring was based in war, conquest, and trade. After the 18 th century many successful nations began exploring for the sake of knowledge & map making

7. Review: Ben Franklin & the Gulf Stream: – Discovered that traveling along certain routes was much faster & created/distributed maps to shipping companies. Charles Darwin: – Made important discoveries concerning evolution & geographical isolation on his journeys to the Galapagos on the HMS Beagle. The Rosses & Edward Forbes: – Disagreed on the amount of life spread throughout the ocean.

8. Review: Polar Oceanography & the Fram: – In a race to the North Pole the Fram became stuck in ice and drifted for 3 years. This drift established that there was no continent in the Arctic. Plate Tectonics: – A scientific theory concerning continental drift first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915 Deep Sea Submersibles: – Both manned and unmanned vessels used for exploration of the ocean, spying, and war. – Alvin is the most famous deep-sea exploration vessel

9. Review: Jacques Cousteau: – The individual partially responsible for the popularization of recreational SCUBA diving & the first to popularize the idea of underwater living chambers in the 1950s

10. Review: Kingdom vs. Genus species -Kingdom  most broad category (Animal, Plant, etc) -Genus species  Scientific name, most specific, genus is always first & capitalized Planktonic – Free-floating organisms such as plankton, jellyfish, and many aquatic larvae Nektonic – Free swimming organism such as a shark, pilot fish, octopus, or dolphin

11. Review: Benthic -Any organism that lives exclusively on the bottom of the ocean such as a star fish, anemone, sand dollar, etc Phytoplankton vs. Zooplankton Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae) Zooplankton (drifting animals)

12. Review: Adaptations for viscosity of water: – Many small organisms lack skeletons/support systems – Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position within the water column – Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water, so is more difficult to swim through – Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend to sink within the water column

13. Review: Adaptations for viscosity of water: – Appendages: Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to say afloat Many cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim more easily – Surface area: Small size increases surface area to volume ratio Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy

14. Review: Adaptations for variations in temperature -Eurythermal – coastal organisms (in general); can withstand a wide range in temperatures -Stenothermal – open ocean/deep sea; can only survive in a narrow range of temperatures

15. Review: Adaptations for variations in salinity -Euryhaline– coastal organisms (in general); can withstand a wide range in salinities -Stenohaline – open ocean/deep sea; can only survive in a narrow range of salinities

16. Review: Hypertonic -A higher concentration within a membrane than on the outside Hypotonic – A lower concentration within a membrane than on the outside

17. Review: Add:

18. Review: Adaptations for water’s transparency: -Transparency: -An organism is/appears to be see-through -Camouflage: -An organism blends in with its surroundings -Countershading: -An organism has a light-colored side & a dark-colored side to blend in with different view points -Chromatophores: -Small cells that allow an organism to change colors to communicate, blend in, intimidate

19. Review:

23. Deep Scattering Layer (DSL) - Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime

24. Review: Pelagic: -Open water, includes nektonic & planktonic species Benthic: – Bottom-dwelling species, make sup 98% of all aquatic species Epipelagic: – The top layer of open ocean, lots of sunlight Mesopelagic: – The twilight region that has a small amount of light

25. Review: Bathypelagic: -Below 1000 meters -No sunlight -Low temperature Abyssopelagic: – The bottom region of the ocean – No sunlight – Extremely low temperatures – Extremely high pressure Hadal: – Trenches at the bottom of the ocean, deepest regions

26. Review:

27. Euphotic: -“true” “light” -Any region of the water that has a consistent amount of sunlight Disphotic: – “removed” “light” – A small amount of sunlight makes it to this depth Aphotic: – “no” “light” – Any region of the water that is completely without sunlight

28. Review: Coastal Waters: – Relatively shallow areas that adjoin continents – Heavily used for commerce, recreation, fisheries, and waste disposal – Experience dramatic changes in salinity and temperature

29. Review:

30. Thermocline: – A temperature gradient within the water column – Found most often in mid-latitude waters Estuaries: – A body of water that is partially enclosed by land – Examples: Bays, Gulfs, Lagoons Barrier Islands: (replace lagoon) – Landforms that block inland areas from extreme storms/tides Review:

31. Coastal Wetlands: – Brackish water conditions – Salt marshes (mid-latitudes) – Mangrove swamps (low latitudes) – Coastal wetlands are highly productive areas that serve as fish nurseries for many important species – Effectively filter polluted runoff from land Review:

32. Pollution of Coastal Wetlands: – are viewed as worthless land, so are often replaced with developments (roads, housing, shopping, etc.) – Heavily used – Close to sources of pollution – Shallow-water bodies – Not as well circulated as the open ocean Review:

33. Petroleum Pollution: – Oil spills can be caused by: Tanker accidents Intentional dumping Drilling/pumping operations – Petroleum is biodegradable – Many pollution experts consider oil to be among the least damaging ocean pollutants – Photo-oxidation & Dispersal Agents Review:

34. Sewage sludge: – Unfiltered human waste or the left over, unusable byproduct after water has been through a water treatment plant – It was often dumped straight into bodies of water until the laws of 1998 were past – Dumping is still permitted with a permit Review:

35. Bioaccumulation: – The build-up of toxins within an ecosystem – Examples: DDT, PCBS, heavy metals Review:

38. Minamata Disease: – Caused by dumping of waste that had a high concentration of mercury (Hg) into local bodies of water – Caused severe birth defects & neurological damage Review:

39. Non-point-source Pollution: – Pollution that comes from an area, not simply one source – Poisonous runoff – Includes fertilizers, road oil, trash, etc Review:

40. Oceanic Garbage patches: – The largest can be found in the middle of the Pacific Ocean – Currents/gyres pull trash from Eastern Asia and the West of North America – Twice the size of Texas and at least 100 feet Review:

41. Plastic and the environment: – Currently the only substance that is illegal to dump at any distance from land – It is considered very dangerous because: Does not biodegrade Floats Has high strength Is ingested by and entangles marine animals Review: